The Russia–Ukraine War and Its Implications for Global Peace and Security.
Professor Manasseh E. Bassey, Department of Political Science, University of Uyo.
Dr. Rose Stephen Ukpai, Department of Political Science, University of Uyo.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20374003 | Page 01 to 33
Abstract
The Russia–Ukraine war has become a defining case of hybrid warfare, demonstrating the increasing integration of conventional military force with cyber operations, electronic warfare, and information manipulation. This study examines how hybrid warfare has transformed modern conflict dynamics, with particular focus on technological innovation, cyber aggression, and multidimensional battle strategies employed by both Russia and Ukraine. The study adopts a qualitative research design using content analysis of relevant literature, policy documents, cybersecurity reports, and military studies. This methodological approach allows for an in-depth interpretation of patterns in hybrid warfare strategies and their implications for contemporary security environments. Findings reveal that Ukraine’s adaptive use of low-cost commercial technologies, particularly FPV drones, has significantly enhanced its tactical and operational capabilities by enabling surveillance, precision strikes, and disruption of enemy logistics. In contrast, Russia’s cyber warfare operations have targeted critical infrastructure in Ukraine, including communication systems, navigation networks, and energy facilities, thereby disrupting both military coordination and civilian life. The convergence of these tactics demonstrates the integration of cyber and informational warfare with physical combat operations aimed at weakening overall societal resilience. The study further establishes that the combination of drones, electronic warfare, and cyber capabilities signals a shift from traditional battlefield engagement to multidimensional warfare, where control over digital infrastructure is as critical as territorial dominance. Theoretically, the study is anchored in hybrid warfare theory, which explains the blending of conventional and unconventional strategies in modern conflict environments. The study concludes that hybrid warfare has fundamentally reshaped the nature of contemporary armed conflict. It highlights the growing importance of technological adaptability, innovation, and cyber resilience in determining military effectiveness. It recommends that states invest in both advanced military capabilities and resilient digital infrastructures to effectively respond to evolving hybrid threats.
Keywords: Hybrid warfare, Russia–Ukraine war, cyber warfare, drones, electronic warfare, digital security, military innovation, content analysis, modern conflict.
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A Longitudinal Analysis of Renewable Energy Adoption in NSE FMCG Index Firms in the Post BRSR Period in India
Dr. Pradeep Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Kumaun University, Nainital, India.
Dr. Kamesh Tiwari, Assistant Professor, Department of Management Studies, Kumaun University, Nainital, India.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20323526 | Page 01 to 15
Abstract
The study assesses the corporate engagement in sustainability reporting by evaluating the reported progress in renewable energy adoption by focusing on the intersection of the two key dimensions of SDG 12.6.1 which focuses on the number of companies publishing sustainability reports and SDG 7.2.1 which focuses on renewable energy share in total final energy consumption with respect to the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) provisions in Indian context. A longitudinal analysis was carried out using a balanced panel approach for a dataset consisting of 15 companies that are a part of NIFTY FMCG Index for FY23-FY25. Census sampling technique was used with companies drawn based on their consistent and reliable BRSR disclosures. ANOVA was used to test the patterns in renewable energy consumption and moderating effect of market capitalization which showed significant increase in the mean share of renewable energy from 45.8% in Y1 to 55.2% in Y3. No significant influence of market capitalization was observed on renewable energy adoption by FMCG companies which indicates on the possibility of no role of firm size on energy choices.
Keywords: sustainability reporting, renewable energy, SDG 7, SDG 12, FMCG India
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GERMINATION RESPONSE OF COMMON BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris) USING GROWTH REGULATORS SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE (SNP), INODLE-3-ACETIC ACID (IAA) AND VITAMIN C
Alexander Oseghale Orukpe, National Space Research and Development Agency, Obasanjo Space Complex, Abuja, Nigeria.
Princess Ifeakachukwu Akpati, Space-Earth Environment Research Laboratory, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
Kingsley Peter Akpeh, Centre for Atmospheric Research, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Beckly Ikhajiagbe, Deparment of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
Prayer Eromosele Atumah, Department of Biochemistry, University of Benin, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria.
Joy Ireti-Oreruan, Department of Biodiversity and Conservation, University of Salford, Manchester, UK.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20282886 | Page 01 to 30
Abstract
Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a vital food crop in Nigeria, valued for their rich protein content and contribution to food security. However, challenges in seed germination and early seedling establishment often limit productivity. This study examined the effects of three growth regulators Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA), Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP), and Vitamin C (Vit C) on the germination, early growth, and field performance of brown and white bean varieties. Seeds were primed with 100, 500, and 1000 ppm concentrations of each regulator, germinated on cotton wool, and later transplanted to nursery and field conditions. Parameters such as germination rate, shoot and root length, root number, biomass, and moisture content were evaluated. Results showed that SNP treatments produced the best overall growth, significantly enhancing germination rate, shoot elongation, and field performance. Vitamin C improved vegetative growth and seedling vigor, while high concentrations of IAA negatively affected germination and early development. The study concludes that moderate SNP concentrations can effectively promote seedling establishment and growth, and recommends further research on long-term yield impacts and varietal responses. These findings provide insight into optimizing bean production through the targeted use of plant growth regulators.
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TRIGGERS OF VIOLENT STUDENT PROTESTS – A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FREE STATE (UFS), SOUTH AFRICA
Khiba Teboho, University of the Free State, Humanities faculty, Sociology Department Bloemfontein Campus.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20280372 | Page 01 to 25
Abstract
The study comes against the upsurge in violent student protests across universities in South Africa resulting in adverse consequences for both students and institutions. This provides the impetus for this paper, which provide insight into the triggers of violent student protests, from a socio-economic perspective. This study adopted an interpretive paradigm to understand the lived experiences of students who have participated in violent student protests. Theoretically, it drew on emergent norm theory (1993) which provided an understating into collective behaviour changes in crowds due to new behavioural norms in reaction to a precipitating crisis that usually creates solidarity among students. The theory in describes how violence manifests and its consequences for those concerned. The study adopted a qualitative research design, and the sample included students from various political parties and student organisations at the University of Free State (UFS). Data for this study was collected from interviews using an interview schedule. Qualitative analysis was performed using Nvivo12 Pro.
The findings were presented following the research objective that focused on identifying the triggers of violent student protests. The study reveals that the lack of leadership presence during protests leads to students doing whatever they feel like since there is no guidance or direction from the SRC or student leaders from political parties or student organisations. The lack of response to emails and memorandums sent by students frustrates them, leading to them taking matters into their hands in an attempt to get attention and make those in power attend to them on their issues. The Individual selection of specific student leaders during a protest has the potential to incite violence among fellow protesters. Also, the presence of police and private security on campuses heavily armed with tactical gear causes anxiety among students and is perceived as an act of war.
In conclusion, the study recommends conflict resolution mechanisms, the promotion of non-violent advocacy training and improved communication channels to mitigate violent student protests at higher learning institutions. This paper presents a significant contribution by providing a localised perspective on the cause of violent student protests in South Africa, rooted in comprehensive qualitative research. The use of established theoretical frameworks offers a robust scaffold for analysing protest dynamics. The findings of this paper aim to improve knowledge base and understanding of the nature of violent student protests.
Keywords: Cost, Higher Learning, Students, Violent Protests, Court Orders
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Digital Culpability and Platform Liability in Nigeria: Analysing Principal–Agent Dynamics in Data Protection after Femi Falana v Meta
Nasiru Mukhtar Ph. D, Data Protection Officer (DPO) of the University of Abuja and Head of Department, Public Law Faculty of Law, University of Abuja.
Samson Ojodomo Onuche, Ph.D. Candidate, Faculty of Law University of Abuja.
Emeka Joshua Chukwuemeka Ph. D, Microsoft Certified Technology Specialist, Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, University of Abuja.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20265484 | Page 01 to 25
Abstract
This paper examines the doctrine of principal–agent relationship and its implications for liability arising from personal data violations under Nigerian law. Underscoring the new phenomenon of digital culpability, the article undertakes a critical analysis of the Nigeria Data Protection Act 2023 and the General Application and Implementation Directive (GAID) 2025, with particular reference to judicial reasoning in Femi Falana v Meta Platforms Inc. The study interrogates the extent to which digital platforms, operating as intermediaries, may incur liability as principals for the acts of third parties within the data processing ecosystem. It further evaluates how Nigerian courts address issues of jurisdiction, attribution of liability, and enforcement challenges in cross-border data protection disputes. The paper argues that Nigerian law is progressively expanding the scope of vicarious liability in data protection, especially in circumstances where digital platforms exercise substantial control over the means and purposes of data processing. It concludes that a purposive and technologically responsive application of agency principle is essential to ensure effective protection of privacy rights in Nigeria’s evolving digital environment.
Keywords: Digital Culpability, Principal–Agent Relationship, Platform Liability, Data Protection, Nigeria Data Protection Act (NDPA) 2023
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Israel–Palestine Conflict Analysis: The Failures of Conflict Resolution Efforts
Muhammad Saleem, Research scholar, department of Political Science, University of Loralai.
Dr. Abdul Ghafoor, Lecturer, department of Political Science, University of Loralai.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20210610 | Page 01 to 18
Abstract
The Israel–Palestine conflict is among the most protracted and complex disputes in modern history, rooted in competing nationalist claims, historical grievances, and unresolved questions of sovereignty and identity. Since the 1947 UN Partition Plan and the subsequent 1948 Arab–Israeli War, cycles of violence, displacement, and failed negotiations have shaped the political, social, and economic landscape of the Middle East. Numerous peace initiatives, including the Camp David Accords, Oslo Accords, Roadmap for Peace, and more recently the Abraham Accords, have sought to resolve the conflict. However, each has ultimately failed to achieve sustainable peace.
This study analyzes the Israel–Palestine conflict through the lens of John Burton’s Human Needs Theory and Johan Galtung’s Conflict Transformation approach, using a qualitative case study method. It identifies the historical origins of the conflict, examines the major resolution strategies attempted, and explores the recurring reasons behind their failures. Findings suggest that power asymmetry, unaddressed human needs, structural violence, geopolitical interference, and internal political divisions undermine peace efforts. The study concludes that sustainable resolution requires moving beyond short-term political settlements toward inclusive frameworks that address fundamental human needs, dismantle structural inequalities and promote long-term conflict transformation.
Keywords: Israel–Palestine conflict; conflict resolution; human needs theory; conflict transformation; peace processes; Middle East politics
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Bridging the Digital Divide: Equity and Access Challenges in Blended Learning at the Tertiary Level in Bangladesh
Sadia Sultana, Assistant Professor Department of English Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah University Khulna, Bangladesh.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20092616 | Page 01 to 15
Abstract
Blended learning has revolutionized the way teaching in tertiary education is done in all parts of the world, not an exception in Bangladesh. Nonetheless, the effective execution of blended learning is still highly influenced by the digital divide, specifically in regard to access, equity, and engagement. This paper looks into the technological obstacles of university students in Bangladesh, the rural-urban gap, the influence of socioeconomic background on participation, and policy suggestions to develop inclusive blended learning. Under the Digital Divide Theory, the research will take a mixed approach using quantitative data of 100 students in both public and private universities and qualitative data via semi-structured interviews. Statistical examination using SPSS and thematic analysis show that disparities in access to the internet and devices, inadequate digital literacy, and financial limitations have a major impact on continuity of learning for students. The results also show disproportionate disadvantage of rural students as opposed to their urban counterparts. The paper holds that blended learning in the absence of institutional and national interventions can enhance educational disparities. Lastly, the article suggests a framework of sustainable blended learning that is equity-based in the tertiary sector of Bangladesh.
Keywords: Blended Learning, Digital Divide, Higher Education, Learner Autonomy, Pedagogy
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A Comprehensive Review on the Bioactivity of Monoterpenes in Essential Oils: Systematic Insights into Pharmacological Potentials
Tzu-Hou Hong, Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Hsin-Hui Wu, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Taipei, Taiwan.
Kun-Yuan Hong, Department of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20062622 | Page 01 to 15
Abstract
This review explores the diverse bioactivities of monoterpenes found in essential oils, focusing on their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. Monoterpenes are natural compounds found in plants that offer significant benefits to human health. Using a systematic screening approach inspired by PRISMA guidelines, this paper synthesizes findings from 50 scientific studies published over the past decade to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge and identify future research directions. The synthesis highlights the potential of these compounds as potent natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, particularly in their protective roles against various chronic diseases. Our findings demonstrate that these natural plant-derived molecules offer valuable insights for the development of novel natural medicines and pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, the review underscores the importance of monoterpenes in enhancing strategies for food safety and preservation, reflecting their dual utility in both clinical medicine and the agroindustry. Ultimately, this systematic evaluation confirms that monoterpenes possess significant pharmacological potential, making them ideal candidates for drug development and sustainable natural health solutions.
Keywords: Monoterpenes; Essential oils; Bioactivity; Antioxidant; Systematic review
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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCEAND THE NEED FOR THE GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK
Ariba Dar, 5th Year Law Student, PULC, University of Punjab, Lahore.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20047251 | Page 01 to 29
Abstract
Various forms of AI technology, most notably in surveillance applications, are crucial in the transformation of societies across the globe, creating significant and complex challenges for human rights. State and non-state actors utilise AI-enhanced surveillance technologies, in the form of facial recognition software and predictive analytics, to monitor individuals with little or no legal protections. This system violates different rights like right to privacy, freedom of expression and other rights. The paper critically addresses the crossroads of the AI-based surveillance and the international human rights law and discusses why a cohesive global system, based on the notion of cross-border solidarity should be established. Civil society and international mechanisms are advocating an integrated international system of governance of AI. As an example, the 2021 Recommendation on the Ethics of AI by (UNESCO) adopted by 193 countries expressly forbids mass surveillance via AI and points to data protection and individual rights. Equally, the new Framework Convention of the Council of Europe provides a binding set of regulations to guarantee that AI systems comply with human rights and democracy and the rule of law. By using the comparative case studies of the facial-recognition infrastructure in China or predictive policing in the United States and data privacy regimes in the European Union, the paper finds the most significant areas in which AI surveillance violates privacy, freedom of expression, equality and autonomy. The research claims that it is only a consistent, universal human rights system constructed on international solidarities that can be sufficient to ensure human security in the era of AI surveillance. There is an urgent need of such a mechanism that serves humanity and protect its fundamental freedom. Different proposals and recommendations have been given for the development of Global Human Rights Framework.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, surveillance, human rights, global governance, international solidarity
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EFFECTS OF VARIETIES AND PHOSPHORUS RATES ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max (L) Merrill) IN GOMBE SUDAN SAVANNA
Haruna P., Federal College of Horticulture Dadinkowa department of Agricultural Technology.
Ali B.A, Federal College of Horticulture Dadinkowa department of Agricultural Technology.
Yusuf, R., Federal College of Horticulture Dadinkowa department of Agricultural Technology.
Yunusa, A., Federal College of Horticulture Dadinkowa department of Agricultural Technology.
Pudza J.Y., Federal College of Horticulture Dadinkowa department of Agricultural Technology.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20047129 | Page 01 to 28
Abstract
Field experiment was conducted during the 2023 rainy season at Teaching and Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University of Kashere (Latitude 90 54’ 46’’N, Longitude 110 0’ 27’’E at 431 m above the sea level) Akko Local Government Area, Gombe State and at the Teaching and Research Farm of Federal College of Horticulture Dadinkowa, Yamaltu-Deba Local Government Area, Gombe State, Latitude 100 18’E and Longitude 11030 N and altitude of 218m above sea level. The treatments consisted of two varieties of soybean (TGX-1951 and TGX1448-2E) and four phosphorus rates (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/ha), these were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Results of the study showed that soybean variety TGX1448-2E and 60 kg/ha of phosphorus rate significantly gave higher pod yield over TGX-1951 and the other phosphorus rates. The control treatment of no phosphorus applied significantly gave lower pod yield in this study. TGX1448-2E and phosphorus rate of 60 kg/ha should be used by farmers who grow soybean based from their performances in terms of pod yield from the study areas.
Keywords: Phosphorus, Rate, Soybean, Growth and Yield
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Optimizing Substation Grounding Design in High-Resistivity Arid Terrains: A Multi-Regional Geoelectric Analysis and Mitigation Framework
Abdul A. Koroma Ph. D, Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, FBC, USL, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
James Macfoy, Senior Engineer, Electricity Distribution and Supply Authority (EDSA) Freetown, Sierra Leone.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19940304 | Page 01 to 15
Abstract
Abstract
Substation grounding in geologically complex environments is a critical safety requirement that is often compromised by high surface soil resistivity. This study evaluates the efficacy of Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) in ensuring compliance with IEEE 80-2013 safety standards across five distinct geoclimatic zones: Tajikistan (Aeolian), Kuwait and Iraq (Alluvial/Marine), Niger (Crystalline Basement), and Saudi Arabia (Arabian Shield). Integrating field data from 62 VES stations using the Schlumberger array, 1D geoelectric models were developed to map deep conductive horizons up to 80m. The study utilizes the Reflection Factor (K) and surface resistivity (ƥ) to assess the efficiency of fault dissipation in both shallow and deep soil strata.
Computational analysis identifies a “High-Resistivity Hazard Zone” in Saudi Arabia and Niger, where resistivity routinely exceeds 800 Ὠm. In these regions, standard horizontal grounding grids result in system resistances (Rg) of 4.5 – 12.0 Ὠm, fundamentally failing the 1.0 Ὠm industrial safety threshold and significantly elevating Step and Touch potential risks. Conversely, saline basins in Iraq and Kuwait exhibit exceptional conductivity (< 15 Ὠm) but introduce a “Corrosion-Conductivity Paradox,” where low resistance is counterbalanced by high galvanic corrosion rates.The findings are synthesized into a Hybrid Grounding Design Framework and a tripartite Compliance Matrix. We demonstrate that for high-resistivity sites (K<0), Deep Grounding Wells (>50m) are the only viable solution to reach stable moisture zones. For saline environments, the focus must shift from resistance reduction to material durability (e.g., tinned copper). This multi-regional approach provides a validated, non-invasive methodology for optimizing substation grounding safety in the world’s most challenging geological terrains.
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