Vol 3, Iss 2 (May-Aug), 2026 JMMR

Litsea cubeba- A Deep Academic Report on the Global Distribution, Multifaceted Uses, Academic Research, and Essential Oil Chemistry Diversity of Cubeba (Lour.) Pers

Cai-Zhu Hong, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Department of Food Science, No. 1, Xuefu Road, Laopi Village, Neipu Township, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan.
Meng-Ling Wu, Researcher and Deputy Director, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture. No. 67, Sanyuan St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan.
Chen Hsuan Liang, Chang Yi Marketing Co., Ltd. No. 846, Shenzhou Rd., Shengang Dist., Taichung City 429016, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
Zhou-Luan, Hong, Hengchun Research Center, Forestry Research Institute, No. 203, Gongyuan Road, Kenting Village, Hengchun Township, Pingtung County 946005, Taiwan.
Hsin-Hui Wu, Forest Products Utilization Division, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture. No. 67, Sanyuan St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan.
Kun-Yuan Hong, Department of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 155, Sec. 2, Linong St., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 112,
Taiwan.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21256231 | Page 01 to 15

Abstract

Litsea Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers., commonly known as Ma Gao, Mei Zhang, or Shan Ji Jiao, is an evergreen or deciduous, dioecious shrub or small tree belonging to the genus Litsea in the family Lauraceae [1, 2, 3, 4]. This species is rich in volatile essential oils with significant industrial and medicinal value and is considered a potential tree species for developing multifunctional industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, green protective agents, food flavorings, and low-cost bioenergy [5, 6, 7]. This report systematically organizes the global ecological distribution pattern and cross-regional ethnobotanical utilization characteristics of Litsea cubeba and delves into the active components of its essential oils and the multi-target pharmacological molecular mechanisms. Finally, it compares the regional and seasonal variations of the chemical composition of essential oils from multiple parts such as leaves, branches, and fruits, aiming to provide scientific empirical references for subsequent wild resource protection, genetic breeding, and deep processing.

Numerical Simulation of Climate-Driven Malaria Transmission Dynamics Using a Vector–Host Model

Augustine Ayanga Mayaka, Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Juja, Kenya.
Omariba Geofrey Ong’era, Department of Pure and Applied Mathematics, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), Juja, Kenya.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21236605 | Page 01 to 29

Abstract

Climate variability continues to influence the spatial and temporal dynamics of infectious diseases, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. This study presents a mathematical framework for analysing climate-driven malaria transmission using a coupled vector–host model. The human population is divided into susceptible, infected, and recovered compartments, while the mosquito population is classified into susceptible and infected classes. Climate forcing is incorporated through temperature- and rainfall-dependent transmission parameters, allowing the model to capture seasonal and environmental effects on disease spread. The governing nonlinear differential equations are non-dimensionalised, and the basic reproduction number is derived to determine threshold conditions for disease persistence. Numerical simulations are performed using a forward Euler scheme to examine the impact of climate variability on infection dynamics. The results were simulated using MATLAB software. The results demonstrate that increased temperature and rainfall significantly amplify transmission intensity and outbreak magnitude. The model highlights the critical role of climatic factors in shaping malaria dynamics and provides a quantitative framework for evaluating climate-sensitive intervention strategies.

Keywords: Malaria transmission dynamics, Climate variability, Vector–host model, Basic reproduction number, Numerical simulation

Impacts of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and Healthcare Service Delivery in Akwa Ibom State: A Study of General Hospitals in Ikot Ekpene Senatorial District, Akwa Ibom State (2015-2022)

Umoh Kofi, Department of political science, University of Uyo.
Uko, Emmanuel Columba, Department of public administration, University of Uyo.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21188726 | Page 01 to 30

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of digital healthcare service delivery in General Hospitals in Ikot Ekpene Senatorial District, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. The research emanates from spread concerns over non-recognition of positive impacts of digital healthcare service delivery in the area. It points out two factors such as information and communication technology and patients’ data management via ICT as major contributors to positive impacts of digital healthcare delivery. Despite efforts from government to upgrade the healthcare sector through digitalization, systematics problems such as poor use of ICT use, manual data management, and failure to recognized its impact has continue to hinder the healthcare system from reaping the positive impact of digital healthcare. The study utilized both survey and descriptive research designs. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather data from a sample of 203 respondents chosen from a total population of 425 staff using purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling techniques. Quantitative statistical methods specifically Chi-square test were used to analyse data at a 0.05 significance level to determine the relationship between independent variables (information and communication technology and digital patients’ data management) and the dependent variable (healthcare delivery). The findings revealed that information and communication technology have a statistically significant positive effect on healthcare delivery ( = 28.15) leading to accuracy of patients’ diagnosis, timely and efficient delivery of healthcare. Similarly, digital patients’ data management ( = 27.97) was shown to coordinate patient care across departments or facilities, reduce medical errors and improved patient safety especially in general hospitals. The study concludes that information and communication technology is crucial in modern healthcare delivery. It recommends modernization of healthcare system with current ICT equipment and creating awareness on the need to managed patients’ data electronically.

Keywords: Information and Communication Technology, patients’ data management, Healthcare Delivery, Health Information Exchange

CHANGES IN THE HEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF NEONATES FROM MOTHERS WITH PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA IN SOKOTO, NIGERIA

Rotimi Samson Adewumi, Departments of Haematology & Blood Transfusion, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
Muhammad Alhaji Ndakotsu, Department of Haematology & Blood Transfusion Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Abubakar Umar Musa, Department of Haematology & Blood Transfusion Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Abubakar Aliyu Panti, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Ibrahim Abdul Qadir, Department of Haematology & Blood Transfusion Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Garba Umar Kangiwa, Departments of Haematology & Blood Transfusion, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
Sediq Alli, Department of Haematology & Blood Transfusion Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Sani BaKo Abubakar, Departments of Haematology & Blood Transfusion, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21095339 | Page 01 to 11

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy is a natural physiological process in which the health of both the mother and the foetus influences neonatal outcomes. Complications such as preeclampsia and eclampsia can affect the foetal haematological parameters. This study aimed to determine and compare haematological parameters in neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia or eclampsia and in those born to normotensive mothers.

Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional comparative study encompassed a total of 168 neonates, with 56 neonates each born to mothers diagnosed with preeclampsia, eclampsia, and normotensive conditions. Participants were recruited from the labor and preeclamptic wards of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital and the Specialist Hospital, Sokoto. The preeclampsia and eclampsia groups functioned as the study cohorts, whereas the normotensive group served as the control cohort. A complete blood count was conducted on fetal cord blood utilizing a 5-part Mythic Haematology Analyser. Reticulocyte counts were determined, and peripheral blood smears were examined. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 27, with a p-value threshold of ≤ 0.05 deemed statistically significant.

RESULTS: In this study, the mean cord blood haemoglobin concentration was 15.15±1.71, 15.20±1.67, and 14.04±1.80 g/dl for neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia, eclampsia, and normotensive conditions, respectively. The mean WBC count was significantly lower in cord blood from neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia (9.02 ± 1.17 x 10⁹/L) and eclampsia (8.70 ± 1.15 x 10⁹/L) than in normotensive neonates (13.51 ± 2.50 x 10⁹/L). Additionally, the mean platelet count was significantly lower in cord blood from neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia (163.16 ± 55.43 x 10⁹/L) and eclampsia (162.77 ± 52.56 x 10⁹/L) than in cord blood from normotensive neonates (198.18 ± 41.55 x 10⁹/L), with a p-value <0.05. There was no significant difference in the mean cord blood haematological parameters among neonates born to mothers with mild, moderate, or eclampsia.

CONCLUSION: The study reveals that neonates born to mothers with preeclampsia and eclampsia exhibit higher mean levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, and reticulocytes. Additionally, a reduction in the mean white blood cell (specifically neutrophils) and platelet counts was observed in these neonates. Timely haematological assessments are crucial to enable the early detection and mitigation of risks such as hyperviscosity syndrome, neonatal sepsis, and bleeding. This proactive strategy can substantially decrease morbidity and improve the survival outcomes for neonatal patients.

Keywords: Cord blood, Eclampsia, Full blood count, Preeclampsia, Neonate, Sokoto

Unraveling Phthalate-Induced Male Reproductive Toxicity: A Comparative Study of Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), Diethyl phthalate (DEHP), and Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate (DEHP)

Fatima Omowumi Hamzat, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Aisha Abdulrauf, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Abdulmuiz Oluwatobi Adebiyi, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Ismail Adetayo Lawal, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Aminat Temitayo Atoyebi, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Kamaldeen Kabirat Opeyemi, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Soliu Ibrahim Olashile, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Sulaiman Muhammad Eze, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Babatunde Joseph Dare, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Ilorin, Nigeria.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20843867 | Page 01 to 230

Abstract

Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental plasticizers with established endocrine-disrupting properties. Growing evidence implicates di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in male reproductive dysfunction; however, their comparative molecular mechanisms require integrated evaluation. This review synthesizes studies published between 2016 and 2026 examining mechanistic pathways of phthalate-induced male reproductive toxicity. Seventy-four studies, including in vivo animal experiments, in vitro cellular models, and human epidemiological investigations, met inclusion criteria. Across models, DBP and DEHP consistently reduced sperm count, motility, and viability, disrupted testicular histoarchitecture, and suppressed testosterone production, while DEP demonstrated comparatively weaker effects. Oxidative stress emerged as a central mechanism, characterized by increased reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant depletion, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These alterations were closely associated with activation of apoptotic pathways, including caspase signaling and Bax/Bcl-2 imbalance, leading to germ cell loss. Phthalates also downregulated key steroidogenic enzymes such as StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, and 3β-HSD, interfered with androgen receptor and PPAR signaling, and disrupted hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis regulation. Emerging transcriptomic and epigenetic evidence indicates persistent DNA methylation changes and altered gene expression patterns, suggesting potential long-term or transgenerational effects. Comparatively, DEHP demonstrated the highest reproductive toxicity, followed by DBP, with DEP exhibiting lower potency. The convergence of experimental and epidemiological findings supports a unified mechanistic framework in which oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, apoptosis, and epigenetic reprogramming collectively impair male reproductive health. These findings highlight the need for mechanistically informed risk assessment strategies that account for mixture exposure and cumulative biological effects.

Keywords: Phthalates; Male reproductive toxicity; Oxidative stress; Endocrine disruption; Epigenetics.

A Review of Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy

Mohammad Mohsen Hewadmal, Associate Professor, Department of Physics, Badakhshan University.
Amirullah Arifi, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Badakhshan University.
Ghulam Rabani Neyazi, Associate Professor, Department of Biology, Badakhshan University.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.20998044 | Page 01 to 21

Abstract

Nanoparticles have emerged as promising tools in modern medicine due to their unique physicochemical properties, including small size, large surface area, and enhanced drug-loading capacity. In cancer therapy, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have gained significant attention for their ability to improve the targeted delivery of anticancer agents while reducing systemic toxicity and adverse side effects associated with conventional chemotherapy. Various types of nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metallic nanoparticles, and dendrimers, have been extensively investigated for their therapeutic applications. These systems can enhance drug stability, bioavailability, and controlled release, thereby increasing treatment efficiency. Despite these advantages, several challenges remain, including potential toxicity, immune responses, limited clinical translation, and high production costs. Recent advances in nanotechnology and targeted therapy continue to improve the safety and effectiveness of nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Overall, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems represent a promising approach in cancer treatment and hold substantial potential for future clinical applications and personalized medicine.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, Drug Delivery Systems, Cancer Therapy, Nanomedicine, Targeted Drug Delivery, Anticancer Agents

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF MALARIA ON VELOCIMETRY IN SECOND AND THIRD TRIMESTERS: A CASE OF PREGNANT WOMEN IN ONITSHA, ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA

Sharonrose Ogochukwu Nwadike, Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Anthony. C. Ugwu, Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Michael Promise Ogolodom, Department of Radiography, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Yusuf Mohammed Mohammed, Department of Medical Radiography, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.
Charity Ezinwanne Ofojebe, Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20770730 | Page 01 to 21

Abstract

Background: Continuous monitoring and early detection of placental changes through imaging and Doppler studies can help in managing and improving pregnancy outcomes in malaria-endemic regions such as Nigeria. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of malaria on placental velocimetry in the second and third trimester, among pregnant women in Onitsha metropolis.

Materials and Methods: The study design was a case control carried among pregnant women with malaria and comparing with apparently health controls. Both groups undergo laboratory test for malaria and Doppler ultrasound scan for placental pulsatile index and resistive index using standard protocols. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used for statistical analysis with level of statistical significance set at p < 0.005.

Results: The PI differs significantly between pregnancies affected by malaria and healthy controls, with a small to moderate effect size (F(1, 396) = 11.831, p < 0.001, partial η² = 0.029). The RI does not significantly differ between the second and third trimesters (F (1, 396) = 1.016, p = 0.31, partial η² = 0.003), the effect of malaria on RI does not vary across trimesters F (1, 396) = 1.656, p = 0.19, partial η² = 0.004).

Conclusion: The PI differs significantly between pregnancies affected by malaria and healthy controls, with a small to moderate effect size, suggesting some practical relevance. There was no statistically significant main effect of trimester, indicating that PI does not differ between the second and third trimesters. Importantly, the interaction effect between malaria status and trimester was statistically significant. This suggests that the effect of malaria on PI varies depending on the trimester. The RI differs significantly between pregnancies affected by malaria and healthy controls, although the effect size was small. However, there was no statistically significant main effect of trimester and RI does not significantly differ between the second and third trimesters.

Keywords: Doppler indices, gestational age, malaria.

TIME SERIES REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF MALARIA INFECTION AT PNG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Mr. Jonathan Gaffarena, Bachelor of Ars in Public Projects.
Mr. Ayrton Zarb, Master’s of Science in Economics.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20770503 | Page 01 to 27

Abstract

This study examines the barriers to integrating Malta’s secondary healthcare sector into the European Reference Networks (ERNs), an EU initiative that aims to improve care for patients with rare and complex diseases through cross-border collaboration. Despite the benefits ERNs offer, Malta’s participation remains constrained by regulatory fragmentation, limited resources, data governance concerns, and infrastructural shortcomings.

Adopting a qualitative interpretivist approach, the research involved five semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals and policymakers selected through snowball sampling due to the specialised nature of the topic. Thematic analysis identified seven interconnected challenges, including weak governance structures, policy misalignment with EU expectations, limited digital interoperability, workforce capacity gaps, unclear institutional roles, and outdated infrastructure. A key issue highlighted was the absence of a dedicated national ERN coordination mechanism, which hampers strategic alignment and effective implementation.

The findings indicate that successful ERN integration requires more than regulatory compliance. It demands coordinated national leadership, sustainable investment in digital systems and specialised training, and strengthened cross-sector governance. Although stakeholders expressed optimism regarding ERNs’ potential benefits for small Member States like Malta, the study concludes that targeted health policy reform and long-term strategic planning are essential to enhance rare disease care delivery and ensure meaningful integration.

Keywords: European Reference Networks; Rare Diseases; Health Governance

TIME SERIES REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF MALARIA INFECTION AT PNG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Nelson Philip, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
Raymond Kuna, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
Meysam Khoshnava, School of Architecture and Construction Management, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
Mohsen Aghaeiboorkheili, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20567003 | Page 01 to 20

Abstract

The Malaria remains a well-known public health challenge in Papua New Guinea (PNG), especially in low-altitude coastal cities, such as Lae, where the Papua New Guinea University of Technology (Unitech) is situated. Using time series regression analysis, this study models and predicts malaria infection rates at the University Health Services (UHS) ranging from 2018 to 2024. Monthly malaria case counts were sourced from health clinic registers and analysed with descriptive statistics and seasonal decomposition along with autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) modelling with meteorological covariates (ARIMAX). Data of the original series were analysed using Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test; to detect non-stationarity and this was resolved via first-order differencing. The seasonal analysis indicated that malaria cases reached a consistent peak period in March-June, which is corresponding with the wet season in Morobe Province. SARIMA (1,1,1) (0,1,1)12 with rainfall as an exogenous variable yielded a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 8.3%, indicating the best prediction accuracy. We find a statistically significant positive association between monthly rainfall and malaria incidence (p < 0.001). These findings complement evidence-based planning for malaria prevention and control interventions appropriate to the Unitech campus community. The work in this study adds to the expanding literature on epidemiological research using data in PNG and highlights the significance of campus health surveillance systems.

Keywords: malaria; time series analysis; SARIMA; ARIMA; seasonality; regression

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF CANCER PROGRESSION AT ANGAU MEMORIAL PROVINCIAL HOSPITAL

Nehemiah Wabat, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
Cyril Sarsoruo, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
Jefffrey Ambelye, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.
Mohsen Aghaeiboorkheili, School of Mathematics and Computer Science, Papua New Guinea University of Technology, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20554743 | Page 01 to 16

Abstract

The spread of cancer is still an important health concern in Papua New Guinea since it is becoming more common and causes deaths because of delay treatments, not enough testing, and a lack of treatment choices. In order to avoid this sickness of life to live longer, it is very important to avoid risk factors like smoking of tobacco, chewing of betel nuts, getting infected by bacteria and not complete treatment rates which includes cervical, breast, oral, vaginal, and kidney cancers. There are still important ways for early detection of a cancer patient, public awareness, or people’s power despite recent developments, such as the spread of cancer with radiation treatment facilities or the new formation of cancer treatment inside health Department Programs in the Province.

Decreasing the way of drinking medication leads to common cancers including the breast, oral, or cervical tumors are often occurred because of not avoiding risk factors as illness becomes as common sickness for ordinary people. Such still remained as the common problems yet to be solved, especially in rural areas where access to health services is less due to transportation and roads, even though people are learning because of slow developments, yet the assessment, or treatments of tumor growth rate throughout Papua New Guinea in particular has the outcome of both systematic health care limitations and growing weight for someone with cancer. Because according to the significant part of common habits of chewing of betel nut products, oral tumor rates stands-out among the as largest through the world, however cervical cancer also continue to be the main cause of most common cause of cancer-related deaths amongst many women in today’s society.

This research is carried out to model the cancer progression in Angau Memorial Provincial Hospital using two equations, Gompertz modeling for dynamic tumor growth and (Two-compartments) for modeling. The key objectives of this research are basically to see how the two equations can be used to model the treatment response, cancer cell population and how the immune system respond to medication. nevertheless, some important options for improvements have been given by new programs including specialized screening measures and World Health Organization cancer protective measure and basically this research is carried out to predict whether there will be an increasing progression of cancer in the future leading to more death rates or there will be a decreasing case of cancer resulting in less death rates.

Keywords: Gompertz modeling; Two-compartment modeling; tumor growth; immune system; cancer.

Sonographic Appearance of Gynecomastia Among Patients in University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan: A Retrospective Review

Prof. A.T. Adeniji-Sofoluwe MBBCh, FWACS, FMCR, MSc. Mol. Diag. & Gen. MD
Dr. Oluwatomi Yetunde Oni MBBS, FWACS

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20551954 | Page 01 to 18

Abstract

Purpose: Gynecomastia, a benign proliferation of male breast glandular tissue, is a common condition affecting males across all ages and body types. This study aimed to review the demographic profile, clinical presentation, and sonographic characteristics of gynecomastia cases scanned at the Ultrasound suite of the Radiology Department, University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, and to provide data on sonographic characteristics and patterns of presentation in this population.

Methods: A retrospective review of all sonographically imaged cases of gynecomastia at UCH over 2 years was conducted. Clinical and demographic data, including age, BMI, marital status, breast laterality, prior breast disease, and histological subtype, were extracted from records. Data was analyzed in SPSS v27; frequencies and means were reported, and associations between categorical variables were assessed using the χ² test, with p ≤ 0.05 considered significant.

Results: A total of 30 male patients were included (mean age 37.4 years, range 8–79); 50% were >30 years, 26.7% were 18–30, and 23.3% <18. Mean BMI was 23.8 kg/m², with most patients in the normal range (43.3%), followed by overweight (26.7%), obese (16.7%), and underweight (13.3%). Marital status was evenly split, and over half had higher education. Most had no prior breast disease (86.7%), and nearly half presented subacutely (46.7%). Clinically, gynecomastia was diagnosed in 96.7%, mostly painless (83.3%) and bilateral (50%). Ultrasound confirmed gynecomastia in 76.7%, showing strong concordance with clinical diagnosis (χ² = 30.0, p < 0.001); unilateral cases predominated on ultrasound (60.9%). Among the 23 patients with gynecomastia, the dendritic pattern was most frequent (47.8%), followed by nodular (39.1%) and diffuse glandular types (13%). There were no statistically significant associations between gynecomastia pattern and age (χ² = 2.254, p = 0.689) or body mass index (χ² = 5.045, p = 0.538).

Conclusion: Gynecomastia in this cohort commonly presented as true glandular enlargement across diverse ages and body types, with clinical examination demonstrating high reliability and ultrasound providing valuable confirmation and tissue characterization. Gynecomastia classification showed no significant association with age or body mass index, highlighting the limited predictive value of demographic and anthropometric factors.

Keywords: Gynecomastia; Male breast enlargement; Histomorphology; Ultrasound; Simon classification; Nigeria

The relationship between Ganoderma lucidum and long-term use in diabetes -review

Kun-Yuan Hong, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture. No. 67, Sanyuan St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan.
Cai-zhu Hong, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Department of Food Science, No. 1, Xuefu Road, Laopi Village, Neipu Township, Pingtung County, 91201, Taiwan.
Hsin-Hui Wu, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture. No. 67, Sanyuan St., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei City 100, Taiwan.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20323609 | Page 01 to 06

Abstract

This report evaluates the therapeutic potential and safety of Ganodermalucidum (Lingzhi) in managing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The primary bioactive components, polysaccharides (GLP), demonstrate hypoglycemic effects by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity and modulating apoptosis-related proteins (eg, bcl-2) to protect pancreatic beta-cells. Clinical studies indicate that 12 weeks of supplementation with Lingzhi extracts significantly reduces hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose levels.

From a safety perspective, Lingzhi is traditionally classified as a non-toxic “superior herb” with benefits in preventing cardiovascular complications. While generally well-tolerated, some users may experience temporary “healing reactions” or potential anticoagulation effects during long-term use. Experts emphasize that Lingzhi should serve as a complementary therapy and must not replace conventional pharmacological treatments.

The relationship between Ganoderma lucidum and diabetes is mainly reflected in the effects of its active ingredients (especially polysaccharides) on lowering blood sugar, regulating insulin secretion, and protecting the pancreas.

Analysis of the relationship between Ganoderma lucidum and diabetes

Integrating the Brief Mental State Examination with the General Physical Examination: A Practical Framework for Holistic Clinical Care

Yakubu Anas Ibrahim, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
Abdullahi Ibrahim, Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kware, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Baguda Suleiman Abubakar, Department of Clinical Services, Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Kware, Sokoto State, Nigeria.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20116392 | Page 01 to 08

Abstract

Psychiatric disorders among patients with physical or general medical conditions are a frequent occurrence; however, they are seldom recognized in non-psychiatric consultations, especially in low and middle-income countries. Globally, the point prevalence of mental disorders is one in eight, with a substantially higher rate among people diagnosed with general medical conditions. Diagnostic oversight of these comorbid mental health conditions can have devastating consequences, including difficulty adhering to treatment, diagnostic delays, higher health care utilization, and higher morbidity and mortality. This manuscript contends for a brief mental state examination to be routinely integrated into the general physical examination conducted by all physicians. An ultra-short and simplified four-item screening psychometric tool for the mood, orientation, and psychotic symptoms is advocated for as a possible assessment framework that can be integrated into the general clinical practice without rigorous specialist psychiatric training.

Integrating a brief mental state examination as part of physical examination will promote comprehensive care, facilitate prompt detection, and timely referral. This form of clinical practice has the potential to better affirm the definition of the World Health Organization about health as a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Keywords: Mental health, Physical health, Health, WHO, Brief Mental State Examination

THE CARDIAC DIMENSIONS USING CTR AND ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DOMINANT BODY SOMATOTYPES

Aloysius Onuabuchi Ogoke, Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Anthony. C. Ugwu, Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Daniel. C. Ugwuanyi, Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Michael Promise Ogolodom, Department of Radiography, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Sharonrose Ogochukwu Nwadike, Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Victor Kelechi Nwodo, Department of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
Emeka Ifedi Emedike, Radiology Department, University on the Niger, Umunya, Anambra State, Nigeria.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20092754 | Page 01 to 26

Abstract

Background: Echocardiography and chest radiography are two common imaging modalities for measuring the size of the heart in low resource environment and on bedsides. This study was designed to determine cardiac dimensions using chest and echocardiographic parameters in individuals with dominant body somatotypes in apparently healthy subjects in selected centers in Anambra State.

Materials and methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in some selected healthcare facilities that have X-rays and Echocargiography machines in Nnewi and Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Standard protocols for Chest X-rays and Echocardiography were adopted for the examinations and data such as demographic variables (age, gender), body mass index (BMI), cardiac dimensions and somatotype of the participants were recorded for analysis.

Results: Interventricular septal thickness in diastole (IVSd) was similar across groups, with mean values of 8.91 ± 1.51 mm in ectomorphs, 9.07 ± 1.51 mm in endomorphs, and8.73 ± 1.19 mm in mesomorphs. Posterior wall thickness in diastole (LVPWDd) showed minimal differences among somatotypes, with mean values of 9.73 ± 1.22 mm in ectomorphs, 9.69 ± 1.39 mm in endomorphs, and 9.56 ± 1.19 mm in mesomorphs. In systole (LVPWDs), endomorphs demonstrated slightly higher values (10.56 ± 1.01 mm) compared with ectomorphs (10.50 ± 1.28 mm) and mesomorphs (10.16 ± 1.21 mm). There were significant differences for right ventricular diameter in diastole (RVDd), F(2, 207) = 24.89, p < .001, left ventricular mass index (LVMI), F(2, 207) = 12.95, p < .001 and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), F(2, 207) = 9.85, p < .001. Conclusion: Cardiac dimensions across mesomorph, endomorph, and ectomorph somatotypes indicates significant differences for right ventricular diameter in diastole (RVDd), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and cardiothoracic ratio (CTR).

Keywords: Body mass index, Chest, Echocardiography

A Comprehensive Review on the Pharmacological Mechanisms and Applications of Ganoderma lucidum Active Components in Modern Medicine

Kun-Yuan Hong, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Taipei, Taiwan.
Tzu-Hou Hong, Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
Hsin-Hui Wu, Department of Chinese Medicine and Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.

MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20064371 | Page 01 to 08

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) has been utilized as a traditional medicinal fungus in East Asia for thousands of years. Modern scientific investigations have confirmed that G. lucidum contains a wealth of bioactive components, primarily polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and sterols. These constituents exhibit significant pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiviral effects, particularly against COVID-19. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the chemical properties, extraction technologies (such as ultrasound-assisted extraction), and molecular mechanisms, focusing on the STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, its applications in neuroprotection (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease) and metabolic regulation are discussed. Finally, artificial cultivation techniques are summarized to provide a reference for the industrial development and medical application of G. lucidum. (152 words)

Keywords: Ganoderma lucidum, Polysaccharides, Triterpenoids, Immunomodulation, COVID-19