How Has Strategic Planning Evolved over Twenty-Five Years of Tanzania Development Vision 2025? A Systematic Review of Changing Understandings and Practices in the Public Sector
CRN Charles Raphael, Department of Business Management, Institute of Accountancy Arusha (IAA).
MSI Journal of Economics and Business Management (MSIJEBM) | DOI 10.5281/zenodo.21063405 | Page 01 to 34
Abstract
Strategic planning has become an integral component of public-sector reforms across many developing countries, yet relatively little is known about how its meaning and practice evolve over long periods of national transformation. This paper examines how strategic planning has changed throughout the implementation of Tanzania Development Vision 2025 by synthesising evidence from studies published between 1999 and 2026. The review reveals that strategic planning has undergone four major transitions. First, it evolved from being largely a reform-driven administrative requirement into a broader strategic management tool aimed at enhancing organisational performance and service delivery. Second, planning practices gradually shifted from highly centralised and compliance-oriented approaches towards more participatory and execution-focused processes. Third, stakeholder engagement, employee involvement, communication, and human resource alignment increasingly emerged as critical factors influencing strategy implementation. Finally, despite improvements in planning sophistication, persistent institutional challenges including limited resources, fragmented coordination mechanisms, weak monitoring systems, restricted local autonomy, and political interference continued to constrain implementation effectiveness. In general, the findings suggest that Tanzania’s public sector has progressively moved from document-centred planning towards execution-centred strategic management. However, the development of institutional capabilities has not kept pace with rising strategic ambitions. By tracing the evolution of strategic planning over the twenty-five-year life span of Vision 2025, this study contributes to strategic management scholarship by demonstrating how long-term national visions shape the diffusion, adaptation, and maturation of strategic management practices in the public sector. The findings also provide valuable lessons for the implementation of Tanzania Development Vision 2050 and for strategic reforms in developing economies more broadly.
Keywords: Strategic planning; public sector; Tanzania Development Vision 2025; understandings, practices
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DOES GOVERNANCE MATTER FOR CREDIT RISK? DIRECT AND MODERATING EFFECTS OF COUNTRY GOVERNANCE INDEX ON NON-PERFORMING LOANS IN BANGLADESH
Humaira Begum, Ph. D Fellow, Institute of Bangladesh Studies (IBS), University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh and Associate Professor, Department of Finance and Banking, Faculty of Business Studies, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.
Dr. A H M Ziaul Haq, Professor, Department of Finance, University of Rajshahi.
MSI Journal of Economics and Business Management (MSIJEBM) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20700146 | Page 01 to 18
Abstract
Non-performing loans (NPLs) continue to pose a significant challenge to the stability of the banking sector in emerging economies, especially in contexts where institutional weaknesses and macroeconomic fluctuations are prevalent. This study delves into how the Country Governance Index (CGI) directly impacts NPLs and how it moderates the relationship between certain macroeconomic factors and NPLs in Bangladesh. Utilizing a quantitative research design, this study analyzes panel data from 34 banks listed on the DSE over the period from 2013 to 2023. A composite CGI is created through Principal Component Analysis (PCA), drawing on six dimensions of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI): Voice and Accountability, Political Stability, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. The hypotheses are evaluated using Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (Pooled OLS), Random Effects Model (REM), and Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) estimations. The results indicate that CGI does not have a significant direct impact on NPLR. However, governance plays a crucial moderating role in the relationship between GDP growth, inflation, and NPLs. Specifically, the interaction terms CGI*GDP and CGI*INF show significant negative effects on NPLs, suggesting that stronger governance amplifies the positive effects of economic growth while reducing the negative impact of inflation on credit risk. On the other hand, the moderating effects of governance on the relationships between unemployment, lending rates, and NPLs are not statistically significant. Overall, the findings imply that governance acts mainly as a stabilizer that reinforces macroeconomic discipline rather than serving as a direct determinant of NPLs.
Keywords: Non-performing loans (NPLs); Country Governance Index (CGI); Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI); Macroeconomic Factors; Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
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Micro Determinants of Product Innovation in Nigerian Family-Owned Micro and Small Enterprises.
Yakubu Salisu, Department of Business Administration, Yobe State University Damaturu, Yobe State Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Economics and Business Management (MSIJEBM) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20656518 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
Family firms commonly display distinctive characteristics in innovation activities paralleled to other firm’s ownership structure. This study examines the distinguishing factors that affect innovation performance of family-owned firms at micro level. The study employed survey design research to empirically test relationships. Consequently, 355 questionnaires were administered on managers and employees of family-owned firms in Northeastern Nigerian States. However, subjecting the returned questionnaires to scrutiny and validation, a total number of 289 valid questionnaires were used for the analyses. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS V27) was used to regress the relationship between the variable’s understudies. The results indicates that governance play significant positive influence on product innovation performance in Nigerian family firms. Accordingly, resource sufficiency and utilization significantly affect innovation performance of family-owned firms in Nigeria. However, teamwork was found to be insignificant factor in supporting innovation activities in Nigerian family firms. The study concludes that, although family firms have their own peculiar features when it comes to innovativeness, the importance of teamwork in attaining exceptional innovation performance in Today’s dynamic operating environment should not be underestimated. Employees need to be empowered to initiate and explore their ideas.
Keywords: Governance, teamwork, resources and Family Firms
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Exploring Business Ethics and Corporate Governance Practices in SMEs: A Case of Glen View Area 8, Harare
Chipo Joyce Chigome, Lecturer & Harare Campus Coordinator – Business Management & Corporate Governance DPhil. in Commerce, Innovation and Technology Candidate: Catholic University of Zimbabwe.
Funny Chibwe, Lecturer – Accounting & Finance Ph. D in Accounting Sciences Candidate: University of South Africa.
Tendai J. Mapanga, Lecturer – Business Management DPhil. in Commerce, Innovation and Technology Candidate: Catholic University of Zimbabwe.
Daniel Somane (The Late), Lecturer – Public Administration, Reformed Church University Harare Learning Campus ,03982 Jabavu Drive; New Canaan, Highfields, Harare, ZIMBABWE.
MSI Journal of Economics and Business Management (MSIJEBM) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/20522907 | Page 01 to 27
Abstract
This paper sought to examine on business ethics and corporate governance practices in small and medium-sized enterprises operating in Glen View Area 8 in Harare Metropolitan Province of Zimbabwe. Given the current economic impasse in the country, it is but necessary to be relevant in terms of how we can utilise our local SMEs towards achieving the goals of National Development Strategy 1. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are conduits towards job creation, economic growth and an upper middle-income economy by 2030. This research draws upon ethical and moral approaches to business that can inform the decision making of entrepreneurs. The research utilises a mixed-methods methodology, drawing upon qualitative data and survey data within a multiple case study format. Questionnaire surveys were distributed to owners or employees of sampled SMEs and a document analysis was also undertaken. The findings establish that business ethics and corporate governance do have an impact upon the performance, behaviour and growth of SMEs. Importantly the research highlights the importance of appropriate governance and ethical practices to the sustainability of SMEs. Evidence exists which suggests that improving ethical behaviour and corporate governance practices and standards can contribute to improved organisational performance in similar SMEs.
Keywords: SMEs, Business Ethics, Corporate Governance, Sustainability, Organizational performance, Glenview Area 8.
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