Comparison of Postoperative Outcome Between Vertical Right Axillary Thoracotomy and Conventional Median Sternotomy for Atrial Septal Defect Closure in Pediatric Patients
Kazi Sarhan Rimo, Resident, Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Md. Masud – Ur- Rashid, Resident, Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Md. Kaisar Uddin, Assistant Registrar, Cardiac Surgery Department, Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Anup Kumar Sarkar, Assistant Registrar, Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Meer Ariful Haque, Resident, Department of Cardiac Surgery, National Heart Foundation Hospital & Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Rajeeb Shankar Karmakar, MBBS, MS (Thoracic Surgery), MRCS (Ireland), Resident Surgeon, Faridpur Medical College and Hospital, Faridpur, Bangladesh.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/17411525 | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
Surgical management of atrial septal defect has evolved from conventional sternotomy to less invasive approaches, with vertical right axillary thoracotomy emerging as a promising alternative offering superior cosmetic and recovery outcomes. This study was therefore designed to compare postoperative results, safety, and parental satisfaction between VRAT and conventional median sternotomy to address the existing gap in pediatric data.
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ARTIFICIAL TISSUE FABRICATION: A REVIEW ON THE ANATOMY BEHIND TISSUE ENGINEERING
Kafilat Alasinrin, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Aminat Temitayo Atoyebi, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Soliu Olashile Ibrahim, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Suliaman Muhammad Eze, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Fatima Omowunmi Hamzat, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Ismail Adetayo Lawal, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
Babatunde Joseph Dare, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/17391313 | Page 01 to 27
Abstract
The fabrication of artificial tissues is a process that uses bio-molecules and bio-fabrication technologies in creating functional artificial tissues that resemble or has the ability to regenerate biological tissues. The fundamental basis combines the integration of biological principles with engineering approaches.
This paper aims at showing how knowledge of human anatomy guides the design and functionality of engineered tissues.
An extensive literature review was done on tissue engineering techniques that could be used to regenerate biological tissue. Various methods and significant technologies involved in scaffolding engineering, stem cells signaling, decellularization methods were reviewed. Stem cells and scaffold materials selection depends on the native tissue being replicated. Among these, mesenchymal stem cells are the most widely used in all tissue fabrication. Advanced methods such as decellularization, scaffold-free fabrication and scaffold-based fabrication are employed to achieve structural and functional tissues.
This review reveals that a solid anatomical understanding is a essential fundamental concept in recreating a functional artificial tissue. The integration of stem cells with various scaffold technologies that mimic the three-dimensional extracellular matrix, along with the application of growth factors, has enhanced the development of artificial tissues that mimic their natural counterparts. Despite major advances in biomaterials, growth factors, and stem cell applications, challenges remain in replicating the three-dimensional complexity of certain human tissues and translation into clinical practice.
Conclusively, artificial tissue fabrication is a revolutionary approach in regenerative medicine, and to gain the complexity and functionality of native biological tissues, integration of anatomical knowledge into tissue engineering processes is required. Interdisciplinary research is the key to future research, as artificial tissues will be a potential solution to many medical issues.
Keywords: Scaffolds, Stem cells, Growth factors, decellularization.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
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Acoustic Impedance Characteristics and Physical Principles in Ultrasound
Shafiqullah Rawan, Assistant-Professor, Ahmad Shah Abdali Private Institute of Higher Education, Faculty of Medicine, Paraclinic Department.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/17386886 | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
Ultrasound acoustic impedance is one of the most fundamental physical parameters in medical ultrasound imaging, directly associated with the transmission and reflection of sound waves within biological tissues. This concept is mathematically derived from the density (ρ) and propagation speed (c) of sound through a medium, expressed as Z=ρc. Acoustic impedance plays a crucial role in determining the contrast between different materials and tissues, which allows for the generation of diagnostic images.
The objective of this paper is to elucidate the clinical significance of acoustic impedance and demonstrate how this physical property is utilized in ultrasound examinations to differentiate between various soft and hard tissues. The methodology of this study is based on extensive review and synthesis of both national and international textbooks, scientific research papers, and reliable electronic sources.
The findings reveal that acoustic impedance governs the processes of reflection, transmission, and absorption of ultrasound waves, which in turn determine image quality and diagnostic accuracy. A proper understanding of acoustic impedance principles enhances the safe and effective use of ultrasound as a non-invasive diagnostic modality. Hence, ultrasound imaging, owing to these acoustic principles, has proven to be a vital and indispensable technology for the visualization of internal anatomical structures and the diagnosis of pathological conditions in modern medicine.
Keywords: Ultrasound, Reflection, Absorption, Acoustic Impedance, Medical Imaging, Physical Principles, Clinical Diagnosis, Tissues.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
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Assessing the Impact of Neuralink Technology on Human Health, Cognition and Ethics
Asadullah Eman, Dean of Computer Science Faculty, Pamir University, Khost Afghanistan.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/17292346 | Page 01 to 14
Abstract
This research explores the multifaceted impact of Neuralink technology on human health, cognition, and ethics. Neuralink, a brain-computer interface (BCI) developed by Elon Musk’s neurotechnology company, aims to establish a direct communication link between the human brain and external devices. The study adopts a qualitative, literature-based methodology, relying on scholarly articles, ethical analyses, media reports, and official Neuralink publications to assess the promises and challenges of technology.
Findings indicate that Neuralink has significant potential for medical applications, including treating neurological disorders, restoring motor function, and enabling brain-based control of external systems. However, health-related risks including surgical complications, long-term device reliability, and biocompatibility remain areas of concern. From a cognitive perspective, Neuralink proposes capabilities such as memory enhancement and real-time communication, raising profound questions about identity, mental overload, and dependency.
Ethically, the study reveals urgent concerns regarding mental privacy, consent, inequality, and potential misuse in surveillance or behavioral control. Without comprehensive legal and ethical frameworks, these risks could undermine public trust and human dignity. The paper concludes that while
Neuralink may revolutionize how humans interact with technology, its development must be guided by interdisciplinary oversight, equitable access, and proactive regulation.
Keywords: Neuralink, brain-computer interface, neurotechnology, cognitive enhancement, mental privacy, artificial intelligence
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Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Human Exposure Risk in Drinking Water Sources of Gaidau Community, Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria
Shuaibu Basiru, Department of Physiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Msheliza Saminu, The Leprosy Mission Nigeria (TLMN).
Shittabey Isah, Department of Nursing Sciences, Bayero University, Kano.
Ahmed Suberu, Department of Human Physiology, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria.
Jeroh Oghenevwogaga, The Leprosy Mission Nigeria (TLMN).
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/17292016 | Page 01 to 45
Abstract
The term ‘heavy metals’ refers to a class of elements characterized by high density and significant toxicity, even at minimal concentrations. The contamination of water resources with these metals has become a pronounced environmental problem of critical importance. Heavy metals are introduced into aquatic systems from a multitude of sources, which encompass industrial effluent, runoff from agricultural lands, substandard waste management practices, and natural geological phenomena. Upon entering a water supply, these metallic elements can demonstrate remarkable persistence over extended durations, thereby presenting substantial hazards to both human populations and the broader ecosystem. Certain demographic groups, specifically children and expectant mothers, exhibit heightened vulnerability to the effects of these metals and face an elevated risk of developmental complications. The presence of heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic in water supplies is linked to severe health conditions, including but not limited to neurological impairment, renal failure, and various forms of cancer.
In the Gaidau Community, located in Sokoto, Nigeria, residents are confronted with considerable health threats stemming from the contamination of their water sources by heavy metals. This investigation was designed to quantify the concentration levels and ascertain the human exposure risk associated with specific heavy metals—namely cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn)—within the drinking water of the Gaidau Community. The community has undergone swift modernization, a process that has amplified concerns regarding the potential for metallic contamination of its local water bodies. Although initial observations suggested the presence of potentially hazardous concentrations of heavy metals, the precise degree of exposure among the local populace has not been systematically recorded, which complicates the formulation of effective remediation plans. This research endeavors to conduct a methodical evaluation of heavy metal levels in Gaidau’s water supply. It utilizes sophisticated monitoring approaches, including wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), to quantify population-wide exposure and establish a robust scientific foundation for future public health initiatives.
A descriptive cross-sectional study framework was adopted to evaluate the existing contamination levels in a variety of water sources, including boreholes, local wells, and streams, within the Gaidau Community. Water specimens were procured from these designated sources and subjected to analysis via Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) at the Chemistry Department of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The analytical results consistently demonstrated that streams contained the most elevated concentrations of the targeted heavy metals, followed in descending order by wells and then boreholes. Specifically, cadmium concentrations in stream water (mg/L) surpassed the levels found in well water ( mg/L) and borehole water ( mg/L). Copper concentrations reached their peak in streams (mg/L), while nickel levels in streams ( mg/L) were markedly higher than those recorded in wells ( mg/L) and boreholes ( mg/L). Iron concentrations were also substantially higher in streams (mg/L) when compared to wells ( mg/L) and boreholes ( mg/L). A similar distribution was observed for zinc, with its highest concentration (mg/L) also found in stream water. This investigation highlights a significant degree of heavy metal contamination across the water sources available to the Gaidau Community, with streams being the most affected, thereby posing substantial health risks to the inhabitants. The outcomes of this study strongly indicate the necessity for focused public health interventions aimed at curtailing exposure to heavy metals and alleviating the associated health dangers.
Keywords: Metallic Contaminants, Potable Water Safety, Community Health Assessment, Gaidau, Nigeria, Environmental Toxicology, Groundwater Sources, Surface Water Pollution, Human Health Hazards, Risk Analysis.
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