Vaccine Hesitancy: In or Out ?
Huseyin Aldemir, MD, Specialist, Department of Family Medicine, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Turkiye.
Serpil Demirag, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Family Medicine, Adnan Menderes University School of Medicine, Turkiye.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15857235 | Page 01 to 07
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the most effective public health interventions in modern medicine. However, in recent years, a growing trend of vaccine hesitancy has been observed. This review discusses the definition and history of vaccines, types of immunization, and the underlying causes of vaccine opposition. It also highlights the individual and societal consequences of phenomena such as vaccine refusal and hesitancy.
Keywords: Vaccination, Vaccine Hesitancy, Vaccine Refusal
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Histological Evaluation of the Effects of Aqueous Stem Bark Extract of Carica papaya on Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats
Mohammed O.M, Department of Histopathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Yahaya A. O., Department of Histopathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Mohammed I, Department of Histopathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Abubakar U, Department of Histopathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Isah R.T, Department of Histopathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Muhammad A.T., Department of Histopathology, School of Medical Laboratory Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Onimisi B. O, Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Bunza J. M., Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto.
Isah Y. A, Department of Histopathology, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State.
Audu I., Department of Haematology, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16520128 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
Liver injury is a significant health concern arising from various etiologies, including toxins, infections, alcohol abuse, and metabolic disorders. Carica papaya, a tropical plant known for its nutritional and pharmacological properties, has shown promise in mitigating liver damage. This study investigated the hepatoprotective potential of aqueous stem bark extract of Carica papaya against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced liver injury in albino rats. Eighteen male albino rats were randomly allocated into six groups (n=3). Group 1 received no treatment (normal control), Group 2 was administered CCl₄ (negative control), and Group 3 received CCl₄ plus Livolin Forte (positive control). Groups 4–6 received CCl₄ along with C. papaya extract at 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively. After 14 days, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Liver tissues were also processed and stained for hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson’s Trichrome, and Gordon and Sweets techniques for histological examination. Results demonstrated a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.05) in liver enzyme levels in extract-treated groups compared to the negative control. Histopathological analysis revealed improvements in hepatic architecture in treated groups. These findings suggest that Carica papaya stem bark extract possesses hepatoprotective properties and may be effective in managing liver injuries caused by toxicants.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
