Bioremediation of Hexavalent Chromium by Chromium Resistant Bacteria Isolated from a Polluted Soil
Ahmad Abdulnafiu, Department of Biochemistry, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria.
Abubakar Aisami, Department of Biochemistry, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria.
Ibrahim Muhammad Umar, Department of Chemistry, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16676790 | Page 01 to 14
Abstract
Tannery effluents from the textile industry contain various organic chemicals used in manufacture, including dyes, chrome dyes, and other chemicals. These can result in large-scale liquid waste discharges that contain heavy metals, including hexavalent chromium. Chromium-resistant bacteria were isolated from polluted soil in order to address these heavy metals biologically as environmental contaminants. Using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer AAS, the concentration of chromium in the soil sample was determined to be 0.0863 mg/l. The effects of pH and different chromium concentrations on the bacterial tolerance to hexavalent chromium were also studied for a duration of 72–96 hours. Pseudomonas spp., a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from the soil using a combination of microscopic identification (Gram staining) and other biochemical testing. The greatest biotransformation capability was found to be 90.65% and 90.99% at pH 6 and 7, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that Pseudomonas species are capable of withstanding hexavalent chromium.
Keywords: tannery effluents, bio-transformation, hexavalent, chromium, resistant bacteria, atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), gram-negative bacteria
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Memory as a Narrative Strategy: Dislocating Linear History in The Shadow Lines
Golam Rabbi, BA (Hons) in English Department of English, University of Information Technology & Sciences (UITS).
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16901420 | Page 01 to 38
Abstract
This thesis explores how Amitav Ghosh’s novel The Shadow Lines uses memory not just as a theme, but as a storytelling tool to shake up the way history is usually told. Instead of following a straight timeline like history books do, the novel jumps around in time and space through the memories of its characters—especially the unnamed narrator. These memories are messy, emotional, and personal, mixing facts with imagination and family stories. For example, the narrator learns about big events like the Partition or the Dhaka riots not from official records, but through the fragmented, emotional recollections of people like his grandmother Tha’mma or his uncle Tridib. The book argues that this memory-driven style challenges the idea that history has to be neat, objective, or tied to national borders. Ghosh shows that personal memories—like Tha’mma’s longing for her childhood home in Dhaka or Tridib’s vivid stories about places he’s never visited—can be more truthful about human experiences than polished historical accounts. Even though the narrator sometimes admits he’s piecing together events he didn’t witness, his “unreliable” storytelling feels honest because it captures how people *really* remember: with gaps, emotions, and imagination.The thesis wraps up by saying this approach makes the novel feel deeply human, helping readers rethink how stories shape identity, belonging, and the truths we hold onto.
Keywords: Memory, History, National Identity, Partition. Postcolonialism. Narrative Structure, Borderlessness, Diaspora, Trauma, Hybridity.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
From Paradox to Practice: How the Theory of Non-Knowledge Dissolves Philosophy's Unsolved Problems
Euclides Souza, Universidade Federal Paraíba, Joao Pessoa, Brazil.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16682655 | Page 01 to 27
Abstract
This article applies the Theory of Non-Knowledge (TNK) to ten foundational philosophical problems, not to offer traditional solutions, but to formally nullify their contradictory premises. From Plato to Kant, Descartes to Hume, and from contemporary cognitive science to analytic philosophy, thinkers have attempted to explain or resolve these problems with varying degrees of sophistication and contradiction. TNK posits that these problems persist precisely because they presuppose epistemic structures that cannot be logically sustained. By introducing the operation of Nullification and the unit X (NS) — where “X” represents the traditional concept to be annulled — TNK reframes each philosophical challenge as a symbolic artifact that is epistemologically non-contradictory and operational. The result is the New Science (NS), a framework in which knowledge is no longer a matter of truth claims but of usable, coherent constructs. This paper argues that TNK provides not a reinterpretation, but a categorical break with the history of philosophy—and the only logically consistent path forward.
Keywords: Theory of Non-Knowledge, epistemology, philosophical problems, nullification, New Science, X (NS)
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
THE ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF POPULATION GROWTH ON WATER RESOURCES IN PANGANI RIVER BASIN IN MOSHI, KILIMANJARO, TANZANIA
SYONGA, EMMANUEL, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MBEYA-TANZANIA.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16683010 | Page 01 to 28
Abstract
Global population is about 7.6 billion where as china is the leading country with approximately a population of 1.4 billion people (Ometres, 2018). Almost 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Yet possibly 2 billion people are living in areas with persistent water shortages. Quantitative supply and water quality problems are rising and could hinder economic development and human well being in general. In other words, water no longer can be taken for granted. Fresh water is only in a small fraction (2.5) percent of all the water present on our planet. Furthermost fresh water is in form of permanent ice and snow (FAO, 1994).
Africa is estimated to have about 1.3 billion population, as a result of rapid population growth, sub-Saharan Africa has faced tremendous impact on supply of clean and safe water. Northern part of Africa has 92% safe water coverage, sub-Saharan Africa remains at low 60% of coverage leaving 40% of 783 million people in that region without access to clean drinking water. It is estimated 800 million people who live in Africa 300 million live in a stressed water environment (Archive 2016). According to FAO (2011) water shortage is
growing with pollution salinization and degradation of water bodies.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
A SURVEY OF CLOTHING AND TEXTILES INFRASTRUCTURAL RESOURCES FOR ENTREPRENUERSHIP IN SOUTH – WESTERN NIGERIA
FADOJU TITILAYO JOYCE. Ph. D, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA.
OLOWOOKERE PETER OLADIPO Ph. D, FEDERAL COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ABEOKUTA.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16683386 | Page 01 to 14
Abstract
Infrastructural facilities are very important in the study of Clothing and Textile designs. This study evaluates the state of training facilities equipment’s functionality, and garment-construction skills among Clothing and Textiles undergraduates in Southwestern Nigeria, examining how these factors influence entrepreneurial inclination. The research population comprised all the undergraduate student in Southwest Nigeria. Data was gathered from 386 students across public universities, polytechnics, and colleges of education. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on social socio-demographic characteristics facilities (University, Studio and laboratory) equipment (availability, adequacy and functionality) entrepreneurial skills taught (Garment Making, Pattern Drafting, Textile Design, Weaving), extent of mastery, entrepreneurial activities yielding a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.825. The demographic profile indicated that 57% of respondents were female, and 63. 7% were aged 21–25, with public universities representing 53. 4% of enrolment. Analyses showed that while key facilities such as university libraries (74.6%) and textile design studios (73.6%) were widely available, critical practical laboratories like clothing construction (53.1%) and pattern drafting (43.3%) laboratories were significantly under-resourced. Equipment-related data indicate a high availability of stitching tools, with sewing machines accessible to 90. 9% of respondents, and over 60% of these machines reported as functioning well; however, pressing and fitting equipment exhibited lower adequacy and functionality ratings. Pearson chi-square tests confirmed statistically significant relationships (p = 0.000) between the availability, adequacy, and functionality of clothing, textile equipment and students’ inclination towards entrepreneurial skills. In terms of skill acquisition, students scored a grand mean of 2. 59 (on a 4- point scale), demonstrating strong proficiency in foundational tasks such as taking body measurements (M = 2. 75) and pattern cutting (M = 2. 70), but lower mastery in advanced techniques including garment lining (M = 2. 45) and interfacing (M = 2. 42). Based on these findings, the study concluded that the respondents are positively inclined towards skills acquisition for entrepreneurial activities. This study therefore recommended that government should put more effort to promote entrepreneurial skills among undergraduate in tertiary institutions.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Impacts of Economic Policies on Agricultural Commodity Development in Afghanistan
Hamidullah Younisi, Department of Agricultural Economics & Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, Afghan International Islamic University, Kabul-1004, Afghanistan.
Mohammad Wali Salari, Vice Chancellor of Research, Afghan International Islamic University, Kabul-1004, Afghanistan.
Ali Reza Behzad, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University, Kandahar-Afghanistan.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16730775 | Page 01 to 14
Abstract
To achieve strategic growth, a nation’s agricultural production and distribution systems must be managed in careful consideration of broader economic dynamics. It is therefore essential that government policies are formulated to harmonize with these critical components of the national economy. Within Afghanistan, the agricultural sector stands as a foundational pillar of the economy, contributing 28% to the gross domestic product. Consequently, stimulating agricultural expansion is a central priority for national economic development strategies. While predicting outcomes is inherently complex, this objective can be realized through systematic planning informed by reliable data. This research evaluates the effects of economic policies on the cultivation of agricultural commodities in Afghanistan over the fiscal period from 2010-11 to 2019-20. Analytical methods, including the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) and the Cuddy-Della Valle Index, were employed to assess growth patterns in the area, production, and productivity of principal commodities. The findings indicate a statistically significant and positive CAGR for the cultivated area (21.65%) and total production (19.91%) of the selected crops. Furthermore, productivity demonstrated a positive growth rate of 1.77%. The analysis highlights that fluctuations in cultivated area are a primary driver of production instability. This underscores the necessity of implementing fair pricing structures for farmers and minimizing the influence of intermediaries. Afghanistan possesses substantial potential to become a significant participant in the global agricultural marketplace and is on a trajectory to establish itself as a prominent exporter. Effective economic development policies can create the necessary framework for the commercialization and international export of Afghanistan’s agricultural goods.
Keywords: Afghan Agriculture, Economic Policy Impact, Commodity Growth Analysis, Export Performance, Production Stability
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Gender and Health Inequalities in Greece: Analysis of Social, Environmental and Policy Determinants
Konstantina Sklavou, Associate Professor, Department of Social Work, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16731413 | Page 01 to 19
Abstract
This review aims to identify the determinants of health inequalities, with a focus on biological, social (e.g., access to care, healthcare utilization), environmental, and structural factors. Gender-specific health outcomes will be analyzed in relation to differences in health status and health-related behaviors. The review will also assess policy and health system responses, evaluating the effectiveness of existing policies in addressing gender-based health inequalities and the extent to which these policies are gender-sensitive. Furthermore, the healthcare system will be examined in terms of how gender dynamics influence the delivery of care. This analysis will help identify existing gaps and opportunities, contributing to the development of targeted recommendations and an action plan. The overarching goal is to promote gender equity and uphold the right to health in Greece. Addressing these disparities requires comprehensive and inclusive policies that expand access to gender-sensitive healthcare, allocate adequate resources for mental health services, and ensure culturally competent care for vulnerable populations—ultimately improving health outcomes for all.
Keywords: gender, equity, rights, health care, policies, quality care
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Addressing Youth Drug Abuse in the 21st Century: A Theological and Sociological Perspective on the Role of Mainline Churches in Youth Empowerment and Rehabilitation.
Dr. Earlmeth Chinyena, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hartfield, 0028, Pretoria, South Africa.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16739823 | Page 01 to 25
Abstract
The rise of youth drug abuse in the 21st century presents a pressing challenge that necessitates a comprehensive approach rooted in both theological and sociological perspectives. Mainline churches have a crucial role in addressing this crisis by promoting youth empowerment and facilitating effective rehabilitation. Traditionally, societal narratives often depict young people as troublesome or beyond redemption, neglecting their inherent potential, energy, and creativity. Such stigmatization and moralizing attitudes can alienate youth from faith communities, intensifying their feelings of spiritual emptiness and detachment. This study employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing interviews, focus groups, and literature review to explore the underlying causes of youth drug abuse and the church’s role in mitigation efforts. The findings reveal that a compassionate, non-judgmental approach centered on love, understanding, and spiritual support can significantly influence youth recovery and reintegration. The research emphasizes that engaging youth through meaningful dialogue, faith-based interventions, and community support fosters a sense of belonging and purpose, making a drug-free generation achievable. Based on these insights, the study recommends that churches develop holistic programs that combine spiritual nurture with sociological support, actively involve youth in church activities, and foster partnerships with community organizations to combat drug abuse effectively. Inspired by John Paul II’s affirmation that youth are a vital treasure of humanity, mainline churches are called to serve as transformative spaces where young people find acceptance, healing, and empowerment to overcome drug dependence and flourish spiritually, morally, and socially.
Keywords: Youth, Drug Abuse, Church, Empowerment, Rehabilitation, Theological Perspective, Sociological Approach.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Currents and Mirrors: A Lyrical Voyage through Power and Identity: A Personal Commentary and Review
Mohammad Reza Teimouri Sichani, Master’s student in Computer Engineering and Information Technology, (E-commerce), Islamic Azad university of Isfahan Khorasgan.
Helia Jalalirad, English Editor and Free English Literature Researcher.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16740015 | Page 01 to 06
Abstract
Imagine history as an ocean at twilight. At the surface you see waves—oil tankers, migrants’ boats, carriers laden with arms—moving across shimmering waters. Beneath, deep currents of ideology and identity swirl. Above, clouds of theory drift and clash, raining down policies devised in paneled rooms. In this story the United States, Iran and their neighbours are not static lands but ships and islands, catching winds of policy and fighting to chart their own courses as global tides shift.
Keywords: Migration, Think Tanks, Literature and Politics, Technology, Alignment, Foreign policy, mechanism
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Intersections of Power: An Academic and Political Analysis of U.S.–Iran Relations, Think Tank Influence and Middle Eastern Geopolitics
Mohammad Reza Teimouri Sichani, Master’s student in Computer Engineering and Information Technology, (E-commerce), Islamic Azad university of Isfahan Khorasgan.
Helia Jalalirad, English Editor and Free English Literature Researcher.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16740038 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
The contemporary geopolitics of the Middle East and the Persian Gulf are shaped by interlocking strands of energy security, ideological competition, domestic politics and the roles of non state actors. This review synthesises scholarship on the strategic alignment of the United States and United Kingdom, the polarising effects of think tanks in American domestic policy, the implications of the Trump administration’s immigration and security doctrines, and the evolving contours of U.S.–Iran relations. It also considers the influence of proxy warfare, the cultural interpretation of international relations through literature, the causes of Iran’s brain drain, and the broader regional dynamics—including the decline of U.S. hegemony and the rise of China—culminating in an examination of nuclear negotiations and the foreign policies of emerging regional actors such as the United Arab Emirates (UAE). By integrating these diverse studies, the review aims to illuminate how domestic and international pressures interact to shape policy outcomes.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Econometrics Analysis of Okra Production Among smallholder farmer Ayamelum Local Government Area, Anambra State
Okonkwo-Emegha, Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria.
K. PhD, Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria.
Dr. Okafor Ifeoma Pethronila, Department of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnics Oko, Nigeria.
Dr. Adejoh Sunday, Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16741828 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
The econometrics analysis of okra production among smallholder farmers in Ayamelum Local Government Area of Anambra was carried out, using cross-sectional data from 100 randomly sampled respondents. The study employed various analytical techniques, including descriptive statistics and linear regression modeling. Regression analysis identified significant factors influencing okra production, including age, sex, marital status, education, and access to credit. Constraints to production were assessed using a Likert scale, revealing that poor access roads, inadequate capital, poor storage facilities, climate change, land fragmentation, high input costs, high labor costs, and labor scarcity during peak season were perceived as significant challenges. However, the study recommends that policymakers should address poor access roads, which emerged as a unanimous and significant constraint. Improving road infrastructure would enhance transportation efficiency, reduce post-harvest losses, and contribute to overall productivity and profitability for okra farmers in the region.
Keywords: Econometrics, Analysis, Okra, Production, Smallholder, Farmer
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND MACHINE LEARNING IN HEALTHCARE: DEVELOPING PRIVACY-PRESERVING FRAMEWORKS
Chidiebere Udeokechukwu, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA.
Ogbodo Chijioke, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA.
Ugochukwu Echendu, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA.
Annastecia Chinweikpe Oguanya, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA NSUKKA.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16742178 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
This paper investigates the groundbreaking capabilities of Artificial Intelligence (AI) within healthcare, concurrently addressing critical patient data privacy concerns. It methodically reviews scholarly articles on AI applications, data protection techniques, and relevant legal frameworks. The study introduces a novel AI framework, Safe Sync-Aegis AI (S²AI), conceived by integrating the strengths of diverse privacy-preserving methods such as Differential Privacy (DP), Federated Learning (FL), Homomorphic Encryption (HE), Blockchain Technology, and Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC). While acknowledging AI’s profound potential to revolutionize healthcare, the research identifies considerable privacy risks associated with sensitive patient information. A core finding emphasizes the necessity of a comprehensive strategy that blends robust privacy techniques, stringent data protection protocols, and ethical considerations for responsible AI adoption. Special attention is given to the Nigerian context, highlighting the urgent need for substantial legislative and regulatory reforms to accommodate AI’s complexities. The proposed S²AI framework aims to deliver superior privacy, scalability, security, and regulatory adherence, though its implementation may present challenges in complexity and processing efficiency. The paper concludes by stressing the vital importance of balancing AI’s transformative power with stringent privacy safeguards and ethical guidelines to foster a trustworthy and equitable healthcare future.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF BUS RAPID TRANSIT TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF DAR ES SALAAM CITY, TANZANIA.
Emmanuel SYONGA, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MBEYA, TANZANIA.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16751744 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
Dar es Salaam Bus Rapid Transit (DBRT) is a high-quality bus-based transit system that delivers fast, comfortable and affordable cost. It does this through the provision of dedicated bus lanes and iconic stations aligned to the center of the road, off-board fare collection and regulation time schedule operations. For more than thirty years, the residents of Dar es Salaam city faced public transport problems mainly delays to work due to congestion, vehicle accident which result to death and loss of properties. Since 1980s the government of Tanzania struggling to minimize the transport problems in the city with little success. The BRT system which started its operation in 2016 has been found to be an effective solution for urban transport problem in the city. This study used questionnaire, interview and observation method to get and analyze responses from household, commuters, BRT director and city development officer for the purpose of investigating the contribution of DBRT to the development of the city. Methodology survey designed was used qualitative and quantitative method of data collection and analysis was used probability and non-probability sampling was used to determine the sample ranging in the study areas respondent. Also, the data which were collected from the field were analyzed by using SPSS this include both qualitative and quantitative data. This study was assessing the contribution of DBRT system to the development of the Dar es Salaam city since the BRT start working up to date. The study reveals that BRT has more contribution to the development of Dar es Salaam city.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Emotions of Solitude and Exasperation Regarding Managing Dietary Limitations Among University Students
Corinne Bosch, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Louisiana State University & The LSU Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, USA.
Erin M. McKinley, Louisiana State University and the LSU AgCenter 285 Knapp Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16778888 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
Objective: Understanding the challenges faced by college students with dietary restrictions related to medical conditions is essential. Research is necessary to explore how these restrictions affect students’ lives.
Participants: This study involved undergraduate and graduate students aged 18-26 who had a food allergy, food sensitivity, or autoimmune disease.
Methods: After completing a quantitative survey, participants could choose to participate in a follow-up interview. Video calls were conducted with 18 participants using a structured interview guide to discuss emotions related to managing medically restricted eating on campus and how that has affected life as a college student.
Results: Students expressed feelings of frustration, annoyance, discomfort, isolation, and increased anxiety when interacting with dining staff. They described challenges such as being excluded from on-campus events with free food, having to bring their meals to campus, and limited dining options when eating out.
Conclusions: Improvements are needed to better support students with medical dietary restrictions, both physically and emotionally, by ensuring their inclusion in a more accommodating and supportive environment.
Keywords: autoimmune disease, food allergies, food intolerances, food sensitivity
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
THE APPLICATION OF LOSEDA AND KANG EMPOS IN ORGANIC WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SUPPORT OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) OF NEIGHBORHOOD GROUP IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA
Amelia Pardiana Putri, Program Studi Biologi FPMIPA UPI Bandung.
Hertien Koosbandiah Surtikanti, Program Studi Biologi FPMIPA UPI Bandung.
Sri Komalaningsih, STIKes Dharma Husada Bandung.
Tien Turmuktini, Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Winaya Mukti Bandung.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16778998 | Page 01 to 23
Abstract
The active role of the community is very important in creating a clean and healthy environment. In an urban context, the community has a responsibility to sort, reduce, and process household waste. The objective of this article is to evaluate the implementation of the program carried out in the RW 07 Sadang Serang, Bandung City area over a two-year period and to assess the level of environmental ethics within the Rukun Warga community, and to connect this with the SDGs. LOSEDA is an abbreviation of “lodong sesa dapur”, which is taken from the Sundanese language and means a place for storing kitchen leftovers for compost. Meanwhile Kang Empos is a practical and efficient household-scale organic waste management system. This research was conducted in RW 07, Sadang Serang, Bandung. The data collection method uses a quantitative approach with a survey method and a qualitative approach with interview, and observation or what is commonly referred to as a mixed methods research approach. In terms of environmental program participation, 75% of respondents have participated in the LOSEDA (Lodong Sesa Dapur) program, but only 30% are still actively involved. Meanwhile, 85% of respondents have participated in the Kang Empos program, with 25% continuing to do the program. Environmental ethics awareness among the community of RW 07 is at the level of environmental awareness but has not yet been effectively implemented. The LOSEDA and Kang Empos programs also need to be evaluated in terms of government implementation regarding the understanding of available community-owned land.
Keywords: Organic waste, waste, evaluation, LOSEDA, Kang Empos, sustainability
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Assessing Cybersecurity Threats in Sensitive Industrial Systems of Iran
Mohammad Taleghani, Associate Professor, Department of Industrial Management, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University) IAU), Rasht, Iran.
Mohammadreza Jabreilzadeh Sola, Ph. D. Candidate of Industrial Management (Production and Operations), Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAU), Rasht, Iran.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16795806 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
Sensitive industrial systems, such as those in Iran’s energy, oil, gas, and nuclear sectors, are critical to national security and economic stability. These systems face escalating cybersecurity threats due to their strategic importance and increasing reliance on interconnected technologies, including Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of cybersecurity threats targeting Iran’s sensitive industrial systems, emphasizing vulnerabilities, attack vectors, and mitigation strategies. By integrating qualitative and quantitative analyses, including case studies of past cyberattacks and novel threat modeling, this study proposes a tailored cybersecurity framework for Iran’s industrial infrastructure. The framework incorporates adaptive defense mechanisms, real-time threat intelligence, and region-specific governance policies to enhance resilience. The findings underscore the need for proactive risk management, international cooperation, and localized cybersecurity policies to safeguard Iran’s critical infrastructure against evolving threats.
Keywords: Cybersecurity, Industrial Control Systems, Iran, Critical Infrastructure, Cyber Threats, IIoT, Risk Management
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
The Transformation of Koxinga’s Identity Across Historical Periods: A Literature Review Based on Historical Analysis and Secondary Sources
Yu-shen Fang, Economics and Management College, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing City, China.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16809744 | Page 01 to 31
Abstract
Zheng Chenggong, more widely known as “Koxinga,” is a pivotal figure in East Asian history, renowned for his resistance against the Qing dynasty and for successfully expelling the Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC) from Taiwan between 1661 and 1662. Scholars from both Eastern and Western traditions have interpreted Koxinga through a range of perspectives, portraying him variously as a pirate king, maritime merchant, loyalist of the Ming dynasty, faithful servant, conqueror, heretic, national hero, anti-Qing leader, son of Japan, and the “Sacred King Who Opened Taiwan.” These competing representations highlight how interpretations of Koxinga’s identity have been shaped by the interplay between historical narratives and political power. This study employs historical analysis and secondary literature to examine the evolution of Koxinga’s identity across different historical contexts. It not only offers a more comprehensive understanding of his historical actions but also provides deeper insights into the complex values embedded in his legacy—such as loyalty, resistance, anti-colonialism, expansion, maritime trade, sea power, and cultural identity.
Keywords: ethnic identity, Koxinga, national identity, the Netherlands, pirate king
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
AN APPRAISAL OF TAXATION AND TAX LEGAL FUNCTIONS IN NIGERIA
Dr. Emmanuel Onyemaechi Adiabua, B. Sc Econs, LLB, LLM, PhD, Former Deputy Director, Federal Inland Revenue Service, Headquarters, Abuja.
Dr. Abdullahi Mohammed Kontagora, LLB (Hons) BL, LLM, PhD, Department of private and property law Faculty of law, University of Abuja.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16813532 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
An appraisal of taxation is required, particularly regarding the conventional understanding of tax as a compulsory financial payment imposed on citizens and business entities by the government, without any guarantee of receiving infrastructural amenities in return. This necessity arises from years of studies and practical experience which indicate that for the taxation system to properly fulfill its societal role under the social contract theory, a reciprocal arrangement is essential. While it is understood that citizens and corporations must remit taxes as mandated by law, the government must also provide tangible proof of its performance by delivering public amenities that enhance the well-being of taxpayers. It was this understanding that spurred the undertaking of this detailed appraisal of taxation, examining it as a legal concept and analyzing its functions within society.
Keywords: Social Contract Theory, Tax Morale, Fiscal Policy, Public Governance, Nigerian Tax Law, Government Accountability, Economic Development
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Effect of Self-Directed Learning on Self-Confidence of Childhood School Pupils
Felicitas Onyemazuwa Iwuagwu Ph. D, Department of Educational Foundations University of Abuja, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16811057 | Page 01 to 09
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of self-directed learning (SDL) on the self-confidence of Primary 5 pupils in Nigeria’s Federal Capital Territory (FCT). Using a true experimental design, 90 pupils were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an SDL experimental group, a conventional teaching group, and a control group. Data were gathered with the Pupils’ Self-confidence Rating Scale (PSCRS), an expert-validated instrument with a reliability index of 0.78. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and t-tests at a 0.05 significance level. Results showed that pupils in the SDL group had significantly higher self-confidence (Mean = 28.70, SD = 4.52) than those in the conventional method group (Mean = 14.70, SD = 4.15) and the control group (Mean = 14.30, SD = 3.95). Statistical tests confirmed SDL was superior to conventional methods (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was found between the conventional and control groups. The study concludes that SDL is a powerful tool for enhancing pupil self-confidence and recommends its adoption in primary education, supported by relevant teacher training.
Keywords: Autonomous Learning, Learner Self-Belief, Primary Education Pedagogy, Instructional Strategies, Educational Advancement, Student Psychology
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Assessment of Creative Use of Instructional Resources among Primary School Teachers in Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria
Akuta, Felicia Onyekpuwanaka Ph. D, Department of Educational Foundations (Early Childhood Education), University of Abuja, Nigeria.
Chukwuemeka, Emeka Joshua Ph. D, Department of Educational Foundations (Educational Technology), University of Abuja, Nigeria.
Iwuagwu, Felicitas Onyemazuwa Ph. D, Department of Educational Foundations (Chidhood Education) University of Abuja, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16811114 | Page 01 to 21
Abstract
This investigation was conducted to evaluate the inventive application of instructional materials by public primary school educators within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria, and its impact on effective teaching and learning. The research was framed by two precise objectives, which gave rise to two research questions and two corresponding null hypotheses. Employing a descriptive survey research design, the study encompassed all male and female teachers in public primary schools across the six Area Councils of the FCT. A sample of 102 teachers was selected through a dual-stage sampling procedure. Data were gathered using a specially designed observation tool, the “Observational Schedule for Assessing Primary School Teachers’ Creative Use of Instructional Resources (OSAP-TCUIR).” The analysis involved using mean and standard deviation to address the research questions, while t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were utilized to test the hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. Key findings revealed a statistically significant difference between male and female teachers in their creative deployment of instructional resources. Conversely, no significant difference was found in the creative use of these resources among teachers holding different qualifications (NCE, First Degree, and Master’s Degree). Based on these outcomes, it is recommended that targeted capacity-building programs be organized for FCT primary school teachers to bolster their skills in creatively using instructional resources, thereby promoting more effective curriculum implementation and enhancing the quality of primary education.
Keywords: Pedagogical Creativity, Resource Adaptation, Foundational Learning, Teacher Gender, Educator Qualifications, Instructional Efficacy.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Globalization, Cybersecurity and Geopolitics in U.S.–Iran Relations: A holistic, interconnected and personal scientific literature review.
Kanan Ahmadzada, Third Year, Ph. D Candidate at Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Political Science and Journalism, Department of Non- European Political Studies, Poznan, Poland.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16811923 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
The early 2020s have witnessed a confluence of structural change and geopolitical turbulence. The United States’ unchallenged post-Cold War primacy has given way to a fluid multipolar order in which rising powers such as China and regional actors from the Middle East to Latin America pursue independent agendas. Domestic political developments—including the growing influence of ideologically driven think tanks in Washington and the populist nationalism of the Trump era—feed back into foreign policy, complicating efforts to manage crises or forge lasting agreements. At the same time, Iran and its neighbors rely on proxies, economic leverage and, increasingly, digital technologies to project influence. This review revisits the literature on U.S.–Iran relations, think tank influence, energy security, Middle Eastern rivalries and the emerging domain of cybersecurity to highlight how these strands interact.
Keywords: multi-dimensional diplomacy, Iran-U. S relations, U.S-UK alignment, Think Tanks, foreign policy analysis.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Reconfiguring Power: Domestic Politics, Energy Security, and Multipolarity in U.S.–Iran–UK Relations
Mohammad Reza Teimouri Sichani, Master’s student in Computer Engineering and Information Technology, (E-commerce), Islamic Azad university of Isfahan khorasgan.
Helia Jalalirad, English Editor and Free English Literature Researcher.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16813607 | Page 01 to 08
Abstract
Introduction
Geopolitics in the early twenty first century is marked by the intertwining of domestic politics, regional rivalries and shifting global power structures. In the Middle East, the United States and the United Kingdom have long exercised influence over energy markets, while Iran has navigated between revolutionary ideology and pragmatic statecraft. Recent years have added new layers of complexity: renewed hostilities between Iran, Israel and the United States in 2025, a resurgence of nationalist policymaking in Washington, a surge of out migration from Iran, and the rapid ascent of China as a global player. These events illustrate how decisions made in capitals far apart shape outcomes across the Persian Gulf and beyond. This essay offers an integrated analysis of these dynamics, drawing connections between energy security strategies, domestic economic agendas, foreign policy doctrines and the emergence of a multipolar order.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Shifting Power and Policy in U.S.–Iran Relations and Middle Eastern Geopolitics: A Study of the past studies and investigations
Mohammad Reza Teimouri Sichani, Master’s student in Computer Engineering and Information Technology, (Ecommerce), Islamic Azad university of Isfahan khorasgan.
Helia Jalalirad, English Editor and Free English Literature Researcher.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16813653 | Page 01 to 05
Abstract
Introduction
This synthesis draws from a broad collection of recent scholarly works that examine the intersections of U.S. foreign and domestic policy, Iran’s international posture, and the evolving dynamics of the wider Middle East. Rather than isolating each study, the analysis interweaves their insights to show how declining American influence, domestic political currents and regional realignments intersect. The narrative illustrates how energy security, ideological polarisation, migration, proxy conflict and emerging multipolarity are part of a shared geopolitical story.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Shifting Geopolitics and Policy Interplay in the U.S.–Iran–UK Triad: Recent Insights into Energy Security, Hegemony Decline and Domestic Dynamics
Mohammad Reza Teimouri Sichani, Master’s student in Computer Engineering and Information Technology, (Ecommerce), Islamic Azad university of Isfahan khorasgan.
Helia Jalalirad, English Editor and Free English Literature Researcher.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16813672| Page 01 to 08
Abstract
Introduction
The past five years have witnessed a confluence of geopolitical, economic and societal shifts that reshape longstanding assumptions about power and policy in the Middle East. Understanding this landscape requires an integrated analysis that connects U.S.–UK energy security interests, Iran’s domestic and foreign policy behaviour, the role of think tanks in U.S. policymaking, the evolution of U.S. foreign policy doctrines and the broader decline of American hegemony. Recent developments — such as renewed hostilities between Iran, Israel and the United States in 2025, intensifying U.S.–China competition, the United Arab Emirates’ (UAE) assertive foreign policy and new projects like Project 2025 designed by conservative think tanks — provide empirical touchpoints for this analysis. The sections below synthesise scholarly literature with up-to-date data to illuminate causal relationships among these phenomena.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
The construction of gender identity in Manju Kapur's Difficult Daughters and Home
K. Muthulakshmi, (Part -Time Research Scholar) P.G & Research Department of English, H.H. The Rajah’s College (Autonomous/ affiliated to Bharathidasan University) Pudukkottai.
Dr. S. Ganesan, Associate Professor of English, H.H. The Rajah’s College (Autonomous/affiliated to Bharathidasan University) Pudukkottai – 622 001
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16868476 | Page 01 to 07
Abstract
Manju Kapur, a renowned Indian English novelist and feminist, has explored the complexities of Indian patriarchy and the women’s experience within it. This article examines the construction of gender identity in Manju Kapur’s novels Difficult Daughters (1988) and Home (2006), from a feminist perspective. These two novels offer the life-experiences of the protagonists Virmati and Nisha as they cope with the complexities of patriarchal expectations and stereotypes in India. The novels throw light on the hidden traps in societal expectations, cultural norms, gender-based oppression, limiting women’s autonomy in the family – structure etc. This study argues that Kapur’s novels offer a powerful critique of patriarchal double – speak.
In Difficult Daughters, we see Virmati’s struggle for autonomy and self – expression, braving the societal pressures. Similarly, in Home, Nisha’s quest for independence and financial security are seen floundering on others in the family expectations. Through these characters, Kapur sheds light on the complex relationship between women and the societal norms that govern their lives.
Keywords: gender construction, patriarchal society, resistance, resilience, societal norms
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Fiscal Decentralisation and Public Health Service Delivery Outcomes: Evidences from Igunga and Kaliua Local Government Authorities in Tanzania
Magdalena Zacharia Katunzi, Ph. D Candidate at Moshi Co-operative University, Department of Accounting and Finance.
Juda Leonard Msaki, Senior Lecturer at Moshi Co-operative University, Department of Banking and Microfinance.
Nicodemus S. Mwakilema, Senior Lecturer at Moshi Co-operative University, Department of Accounting and Finance.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16868759 | Page 01 to 39
Abstract
Rural local government authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania are facing challenges in Health Service Delivery characterized with low financing, uneven distribution of skilled medical professionals and high turnover, limiting the responsiveness and quality of healthcare available to the rural populations. In response to this, the study investigated the influence of Fiscal Decentralisation (FD) on Public Health Service Delivery (PHSD) outcomes in two LGAs of Tabora region. The study employed a mixed-methods approach with an analytical cross-sectional design. Quantitative data was collected from 385 health service users selected via multistage sampling and proportionately distributed between study LGAs for survey, while qualitative data was collected from ten interviews with Council Health Management Team (CHMT) members and two Heads of Planning and Coordination Divisions. Quantitative data were analysed using a Linear Mixed Model (LMM), Simple Linear Regression (SLR) followed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The findings reveal that FD has a positive significant influence (χ² = 25.72, p < 0.001) on PHSD outcomes in Igunga and Kaliua LGAs, with notable variation between wards. Locally generated revenue emerged as the most significant determinant, accounting for 35.2% of service delivery variation. ANOVA results confirm disparities in both locally generated revenue and PHSD performance across locations. While FD via local revenue boosts PHSD outcomes, differences in resources allocation and limitations in administrative capacity reduce its effectiveness. The study recommends for capacity-building strategies, improved local revenue generation, equitable resources allocation, and provision of incentives for health workforce retention to maximise FD’s impact on PHSD outcomes in Tanzania.
Keywords: Fiscal Decentralisation, Public Health Service Delivery Outcomes, Healthcare Human Capital Capacity, Local Government Authorities
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
HIGHER COWPEA (Vigna unguiculate L. Walp.) PRODUCTION: USING SOIL TYPE SERIES AND IMPROVE CULTIVARS
OLANIYAN, M.I, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
OLLA N.O., Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
ABASS A.O., Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
ADEJUMO, D.R., Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16884865 | Page 01 to 15
Abstract
Study was conducted at Department of Soil Science Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, during 2023 and 2024 cropping season to determine the influence of cultivars and different soil type on the growth and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculate). Four improved cowpea cultivars (JT89KQ 358-288, IT89KD-394 and IT97K-498-395 and IT97K-499-35) were obtained as a single batch from Agro-Permier store at Mokola Area, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, while the local cowpea cultivar (Danlla) was sourced from collaborated farmers at Ibarapa. Four improved cowpea cultivars and one local cultivar (Danlla) were cultivate on four different soil type series RSS1 (loamy sand), RSS2 (loamy fine sand), RSS3 (fine sand) and RSS4 (fine sand) on 6th of August 2023. The same experiment was repeated in the year 2024. The result showed that significant difference (P<0.005) existed among the improved varieties on growth characters measured. The percentage increase of grain yield of the improved cultivars JT89KQ 358-288, IT89KD-394 and IT97K-498-395 over local variety were 33.70%, 35.10% and 27.64% respectively. IT97K-499-35 and IT89KQ-288 cultivars performed best on RSS1 followed by RSS2 soil series. On the other hand, IT98KQ-288 performed optimally on RSS3 soil series. Based on the data from the study JT89KQ-288 Cultivars is recommended to be planted on sand loam or fine loam soil series by farmers in derived savanna agro-ecological zone at which the study station represents.
Keywords: Agro-ecological zone, Cultivar, Soil series, IT97K-498-395, cultivate
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
EFFECTS OF FUEL SUBSIDY REMOVAL ON ARABLE CROP PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWEST, NIGERIA
W.K. Raheem, Department of Agricultural Extension and Management, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora.
Sadiq, M.M, Department of Agricultural Extension and Management, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora.
Adebayo, O.A, Department of Agricultural Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16884915 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fuel subsidy removal on arable crop production in Southwest Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select 120 respondents, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics—frequency counts, percentages, means, and Weighted Mean Scores (WMS)—as well as Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). The majority of respondents (93.33%) were married, with an average age of 46 years, a household size of eight persons, and a mean farm size of 6.7 hectares. Major livelihood activities included crop farming (WMS = 2.97), livestock farming (WMS = 2.54), livestock processing (WMS = 2.37), and trading (WMS = 1.98). The most prominent perceived effects of subsidy removal on arable crop production were reduced profits from produce (WMS = 3.16), decreased hectares cultivated (WMS = 2.98), high production costs (WMS = 2.81), increased produce transportation costs (WMS = 2.79), and elevated food prices (WMS = 2.63). Based on the perception index (x̄ = 10.16, σ = 4.88), 73.3% of respondents were categorized under a high perception index, indicating severe impact. Coping strategies adopted included reducing farmland size to manageable levels (WMS = 1.97), reverting to manual cultivation (WMS = 1.60), engaging in additional economic activities (WMS = 1.48), and using family labour for farm operations (WMS = 1.12). PPMC analysis revealed significant relationships between perceived effects of subsidy removal and age (r = 0.331, p < 0.05), household size (r = 0.242, p < 0.05), farm size (r = 0.305, p < 0.05), income (r = 0.400, p < 0.05), and farming experience (r = 0.514, p < 0.05). Similarly, coping strategies were significantly associated with age (r = 0.309, p < 0.05), household size (r = 0.210, p < 0.05), farm size (r = 0.334, p < 0.05), income (r = 0.497, p < 0.05), and farming experience (r = 0.306, p < 0.05). Respondents proposed solutions such as provision of farm implements at subsidized prices (WMS = 2.61), extension worker training (WMS = 2.16), household palliatives (WMS = 1.78), and subsidized farm inputs (WMS = 1.51). The study concluded that fuel subsidy removal has had a severe adverse effect on arable crop production in the region. It is recommended that government and relevant stakeholders provide targeted palliatives to arable crop farmers and implement farm input subsidy programs to cushion the impact.
Keywords: Fuel subsidy; Agricultural productivity; Input costs; Rural livelihoods; Energy prices
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Sustainable and AI-Enhanced Inventory Models under Stochastic Demand and Product Deterioration: A Comprehensive Review
Khalid Aliyu Muhammad, Ph. D, Candidate, Department of Mathematics, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur (Patan), India.
Chetansinh Vaghela, Ph. D, Department of Mathematics, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur (Patan), India.
Jaymim Soni, Ph. D candidate, Department of Mathematics, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur (Patan), India.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16887122 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
Inventory management in modern supply chains faces growing complexity due to stochastic demand, product deterioration, sustainability requirements, and the need for rapid decision-making. While classical models such as the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) and continuous review policies have provided foundational insights, they fall short in addressing the combined challenges of demand uncertainty, time-dependent deterioration, and environmental constraints. Recent advancements integrate sustainability considerations, such as carbon emission reduction and energy efficiency, into inventory frameworks, while artificial intelligence (AI) techniques particularly Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), and metaheuristic algorithms enhance forecasting accuracy and optimization performance. This review, conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) method, systematically identified, screened, and evaluated relevant literature, resulting in the inclusion of 25 peer-reviewed papers that address economic, environmental, and technological dimensions of inventory modelling. Key findings reveal limited research integrating all these factors into a unified framework, insufficient real-time AI-driven decision-making applications, and an overreliance on carbon emissions as the sole sustainability metric. Additional gaps include the underexplored interaction between financial incentives and preservation technologies, and a lack of industry-specific empirical studies in highly regulated sectors. Addressing these gaps can lead to next-generation inventory systems that are economically viable, environmentally responsible, and technologically adaptive.
Keywords: Inventory modelling, stochastic demand, deteriorating items, artificial intelligence, preservation technology, trade credit.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Digital Banking Distribution, Traditional Banking, and Consumer Behavior: A Perspective of Theory of Planned Behavior
Richard Kwame Nimako, Presbyterian University, Ghana, School of Business, Department of Business, Administration and Agribusiness. P. O. Box 59, Abetifi- Kwahu, Ghana.
Ebenezer Nyarko Assabil, Presbyterian University, Ghana, School of Business, Department of Business, Administration and Agribusiness. P. O. Box 59, Abetifi- Kwahu, Ghana.
Desmond Basoah, Presbyterian University, Ghana, School of Business, Department of Business, Administration and Agribusiness. P. O. Box 59, Abetifi- Kwahu, Ghana.
Enoch Kwablah Teye, Presbyterian University, Ghana, School of Business, Department of Business, Administration and Agribusiness. P. O. Box 59, Abetifi- Kwahu, Ghana.
Martin Ameabuno Adombire, Presbyterian University, Ghana, School of Business, Department of Business, Administration and Agribusiness. P. O. Box 59, Abetifi- Kwahu, Ghana.
James Telari Bonn, Presbyterian University, Ghana, School of Business, Department of Business, Administration and Agribusiness. P. O. Box 59, Abetifi- Kwahu, Ghana.
Patrick Kojo Ahiabor, Presbyterian University, Ghana, School of Business, Department of Business, Administration and Agribusiness. P. O. Box 59, Abetifi- Kwahu, Ghana.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16888693 | Page 01 to 33
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the relationships between digital banking distribution, traditional banking, and consumer behavior from the perspective of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in the rural banking sector in Ghana. The study assesses service usefulness, convenience, safety, and employee-customer relationships concerning consumer behavior.
Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative study was conducted with customers of the selected rural banks within the Eastern and Ashanti region of Ghana, using a convenient sampling technique to collect data via questionnaires distributed on WhatsApp platforms. Data was analyzed using SPSS v27 and SMART-PLS 3 to test the hypotheses.
Findings – The results indicate that the convenience of banking services, employee-customer relationships, and service-related safety have significant positive effects on consumer behavior. However, the usefulness of service utilization did not show a significant relationship with consumer behavior.
Practical implications – Rural Banks in Ghana should focus on enhancing the convenience and safety of their services, as well as strengthening employee-customer relationships to improve consumer behavior and promote digital banking adoption.
Originality/value – This study examies the interplay between digital and traditional banking in a rural context, specifically in Ghana, using the TPB framework. It provides insights for policymakers, banking practitioners, and researchers interested in promoting financial inclusion and enhancing the adoption of digital banking services in rural communities.
Keywords: Digital banking, traditional banking, consumer behavior, Theory of Planned Behavior, rural banking, convenience, employee-customer relationship, service-related safety.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
A Comparative Analysis of the Functions of Vietnamese and English Irony in Idioms and Proverbs and Implications for Further Research: A Cultural Perspective
Nguyen Huu The, Ba Ria – Vung Tau College of Education, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Tran Thanh Du, Thu Dau Mot University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Le Thi Hong Nhung, Thu Dau Mot University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16900198 | Page 01 to 20
Abstract
Idioms and proverbs are integral to language, capturing shared wisdom and social experiences. In both English and Vietnamese, idioms and proverbs offer rich insights into cultural and linguistic traditions, reflecting the values and experiences of their speakers. In this study, the focus is on the role of irony in idioms and proverbs, particularly how irony functions in idioms and proverbs in English and Vietnamese, and the cultural insights that can be gained from examining the ironic use of these sayings in both languages. Through comparative analysis, these expressions reveal much about cultural values, societal norms, and the intricacies of communication. This study employs a qualitative approach, using comparative and content analysis to examine how irony functions in English and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs. The findings show that in Vietnamese, irony often carries a more didactic function, emphasizing values rooted in Confucian traditions such as humility, respect for elders, and social harmony and in English, irony is often used humorously or critically, serving as a tool to challenge authority and societal norms. Besides, there are notable similarities in the themes that idioms and proverbs address, revealing universal aspects of human experience such as critique undesirable behaviors, encourage introspection, reinforce social values, the unpredictability of success and failure in life, highlights contradictions in human behavior or the discrepancy between one’s words and actions and reflect each culture’s values, historical experiences, and communication preferences. By examining the use of irony, we gain a deeper understanding of how language reflects and influences cultural norms and social interactions.
Keywords: Idioms, proverbs, irony, irony in idioms, irony in proverbs, Cultural and Linguistic Functions.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Capstone-to-Publication Pipelines in Higher Education: A Rwanda-Focused Interdisciplinary Framework to Boost Student Research Output
Sixbert Sangwa, Department of International Business and Trade, African Leadership University, Kigali, Rwanda.
Samiratu Ntohsi, Department of Software Engineering, African Leadership University, Kigali, Rwanda.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16908503 | Page 01 to 43
Abstract
Research capstones in higher education often culminate in rich theses that remain unpublished, limiting scholarly impact and student engagement. This study proposes a novel conceptual framework and data-informed approach to bolster capstone-to-publication pipelines. Focusing on Rwanda with comparative African and global perspectives, we integrate Resource Dependence Theory (institutional supports), Diffusion of Innovation (adoption of publication supports), and Communities of Practice (peer writing groups) to examine how supervision structures and writing supports influence conversion of capstone projects into peer-reviewed publications. We conduct secondary analyses of institutional documents (supervisor handbooks, ethics standard operating procedures), repository records, and journal timelines. Process mapping visualizes current pipelines, while bibliometric tracing quantifies conversion rates across universities. Content analysis of policies identifies support features (e.g. co-authorship norms, writing workshops, milestone checklists) associated with higher publication outcomes. Key findings reveal that institutions with robust supports – clear co-author expectations, structured writing feedback, and timeline alignment with journal cycles – have significantly higher capstone publication conversion rates. In Rwanda’s context, where only ~6% of surveyed undergraduates had published their capstone research, strategic interventions can close the gap. Philosophically, we interrogate the ethics of student–supervisor publishing collaborations and the epistemological empowerment of student-generated knowledge. We deliver actionable tools: a revised supervisor handbook template embedding publication pathways, an ethics approval flowchart for expedited student research, and a semester-by-semester publication timetable. Implementing these tools is projected to enhance institutional research visibility and student success.
Keywords: capstone-to-publication, research supervision, higher education innovation, writing supports, publication pipelines, Rwanda, student research output
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Exploring English Language Skills in Facilitating Group Learning among Students for CBE and KBE Institutions in Zanzibar, Tanzania
George Julius Babune, Department of Management Studies, Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
Shadida Selele Haji, Department of Postgraduate Studies, The State University of Zanzibar, Tanzania.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16908814 | Page 01 to 24
Abstract
The paper explores the characteristics of students’ English language competencies in facilitating group learning at both the State University of Zanzibar (SUZA) and the Mwalimu Nyerere Memorial Academy (MNMA). It employed a 188-sample size obtained by a systematic sampling method to implement the cross-sectional design. The two institutions were chosen because they are different in practice, one being a competency-based educational (CBE) institution and the other being a knowledge-based educational (KBE) institution for MNMA and SUZA, respectively. The paper was guided by the social learning theory. Data were collected from students using a questionnaire survey, while analysis was done using descriptive statistics. It was found that there was a low level of competence among students in English language competencies in speaking, with SUZA having only 18.6% of highly proficient participants and MNMA having only 26% of highly proficient participants. Concerning competency in English language proficiency in writing, it was found that SUZA scored only 23.9% of high proficiency in writing, and MNMA scored 21.8% of the same. In measuring English language competencies in listening, it was revealed that SUZA had only an 18.6% score of high proficiency in listening. MNMA Karume Campus, Zanzibar scored only 20.7% high in proficiency in listening to the English language. In the English language, competencies related to students’ socialisation ability, SUZA scored 18.6% of competencies among participants, whereas MNMA scored 31.3% on socialisation ability among students. It was concluded that there is a low level of English language competencies among the students at the SUZA and MNMA Karume Campus in Zanzibar. It is recommended that efforts to build English language competencies should be enhanced in the practice of competency-based and knowledge-based education in universities and colleges in a specific context of every model for both CBE and KBE.
Keywords: Group learning, Language competencies, Students, Competency-based Education, Knowledge-Based Education
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Copyright and Translation Rights in Uzbekistan: Legal Foundations for Translating Foreign Works into Uzbek
Ziyodakhon Gayratova, Translation Rights Manager, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16917192 | Page 01 to 05
Abstract
This article examines the legal foundations and practical procedures involved in translating foreign literary works into Uzbek within the framework of copyright and translation rights. It highlights the importance of obtaining formal permission from authors or rights holders, the mechanisms of licensing agreements, and how Uzbek legislation aligns with international standards on copyright protection.
Keywords: copyright, translation rights, licensing, Uzbek literature, Berne Convention, intellectual property, legal framework
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Assessing the Impact of Pre-Kindergarten Experience on School Readiness: A Comparative Study of Learner Preparedness in Makati City Kindergarten Classrooms
Cyrus P. Casingal, Curriculum and Implementation Division, Department of Education, Makati City Philippines.
Krissel B. Quemquem, Curriculum and Implementation Division, Department of Education, Makati City Philippines.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16935173 | Page 01 to 36
Abstract
This study examines the impact of pre-kindergarten experience on school readiness among kindergarten students in Makati City, Philippines. Using a mixed-methods comparative design, data was collected from 16 kindergarten teachers across all elementary schools in the Division of City Schools Makati and Early Childhood Care Development (ECCD) assessment results from 2,518 students during the 2025-2026 academic year. The research investigates differences in academic, social, emotional, and behavioral readiness between students with and without pre-kindergarten experience through standardized developmental assessments and comprehensive teacher surveys. Findings reveal that 79.3% of students demonstrated average developmental levels, while 6.7% showed significant delays and 14.1% showed slight delays. However, substantial variation existed across schools, with delay rates ranging from 1.1% to 45.6%, indicating significant educational equity concerns. Teacher surveys indicated that students with pre-kindergarten experience demonstrated superior readiness across multiple domains including academic preparedness (37.5% ready vs. 18.7% less ready), social interaction skills (56.3% ready vs. 6.3% less ready), and emotional regulation (56.3% ready vs. 12.5% less ready). Classroom composition analysis revealed concerning disparities, with only 31.3% of classrooms having more than 40% of students with pre-kindergarten experience. While 70-89% of students without pre-kindergarten experience achieved comparable developmental levels by year-end, social-emotional and independence advantages among pre-kindergarten attendees persisted throughout the academic year. The study provides evidence-based recommendations for expanding universal pre-kindergarten access, implementing differentiated instruction strategies, and developing comprehensive transition programs. Findings emphasize the critical role of pre-kindergarten programs in promoting school readiness and reducing educational disparities in urban Filipino contexts.
Keywords: pre-kindergarten, school readiness, early childhood development, Makati City, educational assessment
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Academic Achievement Outcomes of ALS Conditional Passers Following a Two-Week Learning Enhancement Program: A Quantitative Analysis of SDO Makati City's Remedial Intervention
Cyrus P. Casingal, Curriculum and Implementation Division, Schools Division Office of Makati, Philippines.
Cyril C. De la Cruz, Curriculum and Implementation Division, Schools Division Office of Makati, Philippines.
Shiela D. Arorong, Curriculum and Implementation Division, Schools Division Office of Makati, Philippines.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16946603 | Page 01 to 23
Abstract
This study evaluated the academic achievement outcomes of Alternative Learning System (ALS) conditional passers following participation in a Two-Week Learning Enhancement Program implemented by the Schools Division Office of Makati City. Using a quasi-experimental pre-post design, 31 conditional passers (8 elementary, 23 junior high school) from three learning centers participated in the intensive remedial intervention from June 23 to July 4, 2025. The Presentation Portfolio Assessment (PPA) served as the primary evaluation instrument, measuring performance across four components: Work Sample, Oral Reading, Writing, and Interview. Pre-test scores averaged 45.2 (SD = 8.7) for elementary and 48.6 (SD = 9.2) for junior high school participants. Following the intervention, post-test scores significantly improved to 56.8 (SD = 7.4) for elementary and 61.7 (SD = 8.1) for junior high school participants. Paired-samples t-tests revealed statistically significant improvements for both levels (elementary: t(7) = -8.42, p < 0.001, d = 1.45; junior high school: t(22) = -11.78, p < 0.001, d = 1.58). Overall, 89% of participants achieved the 60% certification threshold post-intervention. No significant differences were found between educational levels or learning centers in improvement patterns. The findings demonstrate the effectiveness of structured, intensive enhancement programs in addressing competency gaps among ALS conditional passers, supporting the expansion of similar interventions across alternative education settings.
Keywords: Alternative Learning System, conditional passers, learning enhancement, academic achievement, remedial intervention
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Comparative Analysis of Academic Achievement Outcomes in Alternative Learning System Conditional Passers: A Study of Barangay San Lorenzo and BJMP Female Dormitory Learning Centers Following the Two-Week Enhancement Program
Cyrus P. Casingal, Curriculum and Implementation Division, Schools Division Office of Makati, Philippines.
Sofia Medina M. Corpuz, Curriculum and Implementation Division, Schools Division Office of Makati, Philippines.
Nerissa P. Rico, Curriculum and Implementation Division, Schools Division Office of Makati, Philippines.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16946719 | Page 01 to 22
Abstract
This comparative study examined the academic achievement outcomes of Alternative Learning System (ALS) conditional passers from two distinct learning environments: Barangay San Lorenzo and BJMP Female Dormitory, following participation in SDO Makati City’s Two-Week Learning Enhancement Program. Using a quasi-experimental pre-post design, 13 conditional passers (6 from Barangay San Lorenzo, 7 from BJMP Female Dormitory) participated in the intensive remedial intervention from June 23 to July 4, 2025. The study utilized the Presentation Portfolio Assessment (PPA) framework, measuring performance across four learning strands: Communication Skills (LS1), Scientific Thinking (LS2), Mathematics (LS3), and Life Skills & Digital Citizenship (LS4-6). Results revealed significant improvements across both learning centers, with Barangay San Lorenzo participants achieving an average overall improvement of 24% and BJMP Female Dormitory participants demonstrating 29% improvement. Paired-samples t-tests confirmed statistically significant gains for both groups (p < 0.001), with BJMP Female Dormitory showing slightly higher effect sizes. Post-intervention, 92% of participants achieved passing status (≥60%), with 100% success rate at BJMP Female Dormitory and 83% at Barangay San Lorenzo. The findings highlight the effectiveness of structured enhancement programs across diverse learning contexts while revealing important differences in outcomes between community-based and institutional learning environments.
Keywords: Alternative Learning System, conditional passers, comparative analysis, learning enhancement, institutional education, community-based learning
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Proposing the Autism Cascade Hypothesis || A Novel Mechanistic Framework Linking Dietary Peptides, Neuroimmune Activation, and Developmental Timing
Nuriye S. Berthier, M. Chemist, Le Fermentis Initiative.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/17007271 | Page 01 to 07
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may arise from a convergence of dietary, immunological, and developmental factors. We propose the “autism cascade hypothesis,” a novel mechanistic framework in which digestion of A1 B-casein releases B-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7), compromising blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and enabling peripheral immune cell infiltration. This cascade culminates in astrocyte injury and neuroimmune activation, potentially amplified by routine infant vaccination during periods of BBB vulnerability. Drawing from biochemical, neuroimmunological, and developmental literature, we outline a testable model that integrates molecular checkpoints and environmental timing. This hypothesis offers a foundation for future research, risk-stratified interventions, and community education.
Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder, B-casomorphin-7, blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, vaccination, A1 B-casein.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
