Improving Food Safety Practices Through Educational Interventions Among Anganwadi Staff: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Dr. Rajeev Aravindakshan, MBBS, MD, Professor and Head, Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Dr. K. Rajeswari, MBBS, Junior Resident, Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Dr. Sathiyanarayanan S, MBBS, MD, Associate Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Dr. Mohammed Shoyaib Khazi, MBBS, MD, Senior Resident, Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Dr. Praveen Kumar S, MBBS, Junior Resident, Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh, India.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19382308 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
Background: Foodborne illnesses, impacting an estimated 600 million individuals every year, are a large public health concern, especially for children under age 5, who carry about 40% of the burden. Anganwadi workers, central to India’s Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) workforce, are critical to ensuring food safety among young children and mothers. This study assesses the effect of educational interventions on food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among Anganwadi personnel.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was carried out between November and December 2024 in 39 Anganwadi centers of Mangalagiri, Andhra Pradesh. Participants were allocated to the Enhanced intervention group (flipchart + interaction) (n=18) and the Minimal intervention group (n=21). Baseline KAP was measured using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. The Enhanced intervention group received 30 minutes’ one-on-one session by a public health professional (junior resident doctor) with enhanced intervention, discussion, and demonstrations aligned with WHO’s “Five Keys to Safer Food”, educational sessions focusing on hand hygiene, safe food handling, storage, and pathogen prevention. The pamphlet group was given standard pamphlet-based education. Post-intervention KAP was measured one month later. R software version 4.4 was used to analyze the data, with paired t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0.05).
Findings: The Enhanced intervention group demonstrated significant KAP gains (knowledge [10 – 30]: +1.19, p<0.001; attitude [10 – 30]: +1.29, p<0.001; practice [10 – 50]: +2.55, p<0.001; total [30 – 110]: +5.03, p<0.001) compared to minimal intervention group changes. Participants belonging to lower socioeconomic strata had greater improvements.
Discussion: Educational interventions significantly enhance food safety practices among Anganwadi staff. Regular training and consideration of mandatory vaccinations are recommended to sustain improvements.
Keywords: Educational interventions, Food handling practices, Food safety, Hand hygiene, Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Public health
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Maternal Vitamin D Status and Preterm Birth: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study in Northwestern Nigeria
Abubakar Mayana Usman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Yakubu Anas Ibrahim, Department of Psychiatry, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
Bello Alhaji Mohammed, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria.
Saratu Bello, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Ekele Ojogbane Innocent, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria.
Mohammed Mansur Birnin Kebbi, Department of Chemical Pathology, Federal Teaching Hospital, BirninKebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
Muhammad Aliyu Abbas, Department of Chemical Pathology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Alfa Yusuf, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.
Zayyanu Abdullahi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19344037 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
Introduction: One of the most common causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, is pre-term delivery. Maternal vitamin D deficiency has been linked to various adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm delivery, yet findings remain inconsistent and limited, especially in low and middle-income countries like Nigeria. Therefore, this study aimed to assess maternal vitamin D levels and their association with preterm delivery at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto.
Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted over five months among parturients at Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto. A total of 120 participants (60 per group) were recruited through systematic sampling and randomly allocated to two groups: those with preterm delivery (28 to <37 weeks) and those with term labour (≥37 weeks). Maternal serum vitamin D levels were measured using a solid-phase ELISA (Monobind Inc., USA). Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Chi-square tests were used to detect associations and identify predictors, respectively, at a 0.05 level of significance.
Results: The mean serum vitamin D level in the preterm group was 26.67 ± 14.97, whereas in the term group, it was 49.55 ± 18.10. The prevalence of low serum vitamin D levels among parturients with preterm delivery was 76.7%, compared to 15% in those with term delivery. There was a statistically significant association between serum vitamin D levels and gestational age: parturients with preterm delivery had lower vitamin D levels than those with term delivery. (χ2 (1) = 43.502, p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that serum vitamin D deficiency was more common among women with preterm delivery than those with term delivery. Therefore, measuring serum vitamin D during pregnancy may prove to be a useful tool in predicting the onset of preterm labour.
Keywords: Preterm, Vitamin D, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
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ACUTE FIPRONIL SULFONE TOXICITY INDUCES MULTI-ORGAN HISTOPATHOLOGY IN MALE MICE: A COMPREHENSIVE HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS
Muhammad Suliman, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18862197 | Page 01 to 15
Abstract
Fipronil sulfone is the predominant metabolite of the insecticide fipronil, produced via cytochrome P450 oxidation. It exhibits greater persistence and higher toxicity than its parent compound, yet its histopathological effects remain unexplored. To evaluate histopathological changes induced by acute fipronil sulfone exposure in male mice.
Sixteen adult male mice were divided into control (DMSO) and treated (100 mg/kg fipronil sulfone, intraperitoneal) groups (n=8). Liver, kidney, brain, testis, and seminal vesicles were processed for H&E, PAS, and Trichrome staining. Histomorphometric analysis was performed using ImageJ software. Fipronil sulfone caused significant testicular damage including reduced tubular diameter (168.32±7.54 vs. 212.45±8. 67 µm), epithelial height (58.67±2.93 vs. 78.34±3.21 µm), tunica albuginea thickness (28.43±1.89 vs. 42.67±2.31 µm), and increased interstitial space (7.96±0.61 vs. 4.82±0.34 µm) and tubular lumen (72.56±3.78 vs. 45.23±2.45 µm). Seminal vesicles showed metaplasia and increased epithelial height (27.89±1.67 vs. 18.34±1.23 µm). Renal damage included reduced corpuscle (3187±142 vs. 4234±156 µm²) and glomerular area (1978±87 vs. 2845±98 µm²), increased Bowman’s space (567±31 vs. 312±24 µm²), and PCT brush border loss. Hepatic alterations showed increased pericentral degenerated hepatocytes (12.7±1.3 vs. 3.4±0.5 per field). Hippocampal neurodegeneration increased significantly (21.6±2.1 vs. 5.2±0.8 degenerated neurons per field). All changes were statistically significant (p<0.05).
This first comprehensive study demonstrates that acute fipronil sulfone exposure induces significant multi-organ histopathological damage in mice, highlighting the need for risk assessment of pesticide metabolites.
Keywords: Fipronil sulfone, histopathology, testis, kidney, liver, hippocampus, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicit
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Histopathological Effects of Fipronil Sulfone Toxicity in Mice
Muhammad Suliman, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Zoology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18861963 | Page 01 to 18
Abstract
Fipronil sulfone, a major metabolite of the insecticide fipronil, has been found to possess greater toxicity than its parent compound. This study aims to investigate the histopathological effects of acute fipronil sulfone exposure in male mice. The research demonstrated significant tissue damage across several vital organs, including the testis, seminal vesicle, kidney, liver, and brain. Histological examination revealed marked alterations in tissue architecture, such as an increase in interstitial space, degeneration of seminiferous tubules, and neuronal damage. Histomorphometric analysis was performed using ImageJ software to quantify these tissue changes, highlighting the severity of the damage. Specifically, the testis exhibited disruption in spermatogenesis, with altered seminiferous tubules and a significant increase in interstitial space. The seminal vesicle showed signs of metaplasia and epithelial changes. Kidney tissues presented with increased Bowman’s space and degeneration of renal tubules, while the liver exhibited glycogen accumulation, hepatocyte degeneration, and signs of apoptosis. Notably, the brain showed degenerative changes in hippocampal neurons. This is the first study to provide histopathological evidence of the toxic effects of fipronil sulfone on these organs. The results suggest that fipronil sulfone induces significant organ damage through mechanisms such as oxidative stress. Further studies are required to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and to assess the long-term risks posed by fipronil sulfone exposure.
Keywords: Fipronil sulfone, histopathology, organ toxicity, ImageJ software, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, spermatogenesis, seminal vesicle, kidney damage, liver toxicity
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Integrating Bioinformatics and Genomic Profiling to Improve Early Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in Nigeria
Adebiyi A.O, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Amoo A.H, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Adeosun M.O, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Daud M.A, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Salaudeen O.S, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Abdulrauf A, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Olowolayemo K.O, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Hamzat F.O, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Ibrahim S.O, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Eze S.M, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Atoyebi A.T, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Lawal I.A, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Dare B.J, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18853948 | Page 01 to 20
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major global health burden, with sub-Saharan Africa, particularly Nigeria, experiencing disproportionately high prevalence and mortality rates. Conventional diagnostic markers such as serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and urine albumin primarily detect functional decline and do not capture early molecular alterations. This limitation highlights the urgent need to integrate genomics and bioinformatics approaches to improve early detection and precision management of CKD in Nigeria. This review examines the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying CKD, focusing on key susceptibility genes such as APOL1, MYH9, UMOD, and COL4A5, which influence disease onset and progression in African populations. Evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) demonstrates the importance of identifying population-specific genetic variants to enhance predictive accuracy. Bioinformatics tools and public repositories, including the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), were also explored for their role in biomarker discovery, such as CCR7, and in the development of predictive and personalized therapeutic models. The findings indicate that Nigeria’s genomic research landscape is expanding through initiatives led by NIMR, LASU, Covenant University, and ACEGID, supported by continental collaborations like H3Africa. However, progress remains limited by inadequate funding, poor infrastructure, insufficient training, and weak translational frameworks. Emerging opportunities such as affordable sequencing technologies, regional genomic databases, and structured capacity-building initiatives offer promising pathways for advancement. In conclusion, integrating genomics and bioinformatics into Nigeria’s CKD management framework requires stronger policy support, improved research infrastructure, and targeted human-capacity development. Strengthening these areas will promote the adoption of precision medicine, enable earlier disease detection, and enhance health equity across Nigerian populations.
Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Genomic profiling; Bioinformatics integration; Genetic susceptibility; Precision medicine; Nigeria.
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Electronic Cigarette Use in Nigeria: Public Health Implications and the Way Forward
Adebiyi A.O, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Amoo A.H, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Yunus A.T, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Adeosun M.O, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Daud M.A, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Yinusa Z, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Kamaldeen K.O, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Idris R.O, Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Nursing Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Abdulrauf A, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Alasirin, K., Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
Dare B.J, Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, AlHikmah University, Ilorin, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18853844 | Page 01 to 19
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (vaping) has become a fast-growing global phenomenon, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Although it is often marketed as a safer alternative to traditional smoking, emerging research suggests that e-cigarettes carry risks of nicotine dependence, respiratory irritation, and may normalize smoking behaviour. In contrast to high-income countries where patterns of use and regulation are well documented, data from Nigeria and other African nations remain limited despite increasing awareness and uptake among young people. This review critically examined existing literature on the prevalence, determinants, and public health implications of vaping in Nigeria to identify evidence gaps that can inform future research and regulation. A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published between 2019 and 2025 related to vaping prevalence, determinants, and health or policy outcomes in Nigeria and comparable African settings. The evidence indicates a growing awareness and use of vaping among Nigerian adolescents and university students, with male predominance and key influences including peer networks, curiosity, and social media exposure. Despite minimal regulation and limited awareness of health risks, e-cigarette marketing remains widespread, and the National Tobacco Control Act (2015) does not explicitly cover vaping products. Vaping therefore presents an emerging public health concern in Nigeria, compounded by regulatory gaps and weak surveillance. Strengthened data collection, youth-focused education, and policy reform aligning e-cigarette control with global standards are essential to prevent rising nicotine addiction and protect future generations.
Keywords: Vaping; electronic cigarettes; Nigeria; tobacco control; adolescents; public health; regulation.
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PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTABILITY OF TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND SCAN (TVS) AMONG WOMEN ATTENDING GYNAECOLOGICAL CLINIC IN UDUTH, SOKOTO
Abubakar Mayana Usman, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Bello Alhaji Mohammed, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Gusau, Zamfara State, Nigeria.
Ukwu Aaron Eze, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Saratu Bello, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Uzairu Abdullahi, Department of Family Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Sokoto State, Nigeria.
Yakubu Anas Ibrahim, Department of Psychiatry, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
Alfa Yusuf, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Medical Centre, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.
Zayyanu Abdullahi, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Federal Teaching Hospital, Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18852574 | Page 01 to 14
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is rising at an alarming pace worldwide, with South-East Asia and Bangladesh emerging as critical hotspots due to rapid urbanization, unhealthy diets, and sedentary lifestyles. Alongside these lifestyle determinants, occupational stress, disrupted sleep, and irregular routines, particularly among police officers, further heighten vulnerability to the disease. Though limited research has explored these intersections in Bangladesh, there is an urgent need to investigate how work stress and lifestyle factors shape diabetes risk in this high-risk occupational group.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study explored the association of work stress, lifestyle habits, and diabetes among Bangladeshi police officers across multiple stations over a five-month period. A total of 306 active-duty personnel aged 20–55 years with at least six months of service were included through convenience sampling. Data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic details, occupational history, lifestyle practices, and diabetes-related information.
Results:
The study revealed that while most police officers were free from diabetes, a notable proportion was affected, highlighting its importance as a public health issue within this occupational group. Age, family history, and hypertension emerged as strong demographic and comorbidity-related factors, whereas sex, marital status, and education showed little influence. Lifestyle behaviors were largely similar between groups, though the use of smokeless tobacco products stood out as being more common among those with diabetes. Occupational patterns showed that lower rank, higher income, and especially longer job duration were strongly associated with diabetes, reflecting the cumulative impact of prolonged service. On the other hand, duty hours, sleep patterns, and perceived job stress appeared to play a lesser role in disease prevalence.
Conclusions:
This study shows that diabetes among Bangladeshi police officers is shaped by age, family history, hypertension, tobacco use, and long service duration, with lower ranks being especially vulnerable.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Bangladesh Police, Occupational Stress, Workplace Health, Occupational Epidemiology
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Diabetes Mellitus in Bangladesh Police Force: Relation with Work Stress and Lifestyle Habits
Sinchia Sharmin Binte Shahid, MBBS, MPH, Senior Medical Officer, Radical Hospital, Uttara, Dhaka.
Prof Dipak Kumar Mitra, Ph. D, MPH, Professor Dean, SHLS North South University, Dhaka.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18852475 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is rising at an alarming pace worldwide, with South-East Asia and Bangladesh emerging as critical hotspots due to rapid urbanization, unhealthy diets, and sedentary lifestyles. Alongside these lifestyle determinants, occupational stress, disrupted sleep, and irregular routines, particularly among police officers, further heighten vulnerability to the disease. Though limited research has explored these intersections in Bangladesh, there is an urgent need to investigate how work stress and lifestyle factors shape diabetes risk in this high-risk occupational group.
Methods:
This cross-sectional study explored the association of work stress, lifestyle habits, and diabetes among Bangladeshi police officers across multiple stations over a five-month period. A total of 306 active-duty personnel aged 20–55 years with at least six months of service were included through convenience sampling. Data were gathered using a semi-structured questionnaire covering socio-demographic details, occupational history, lifestyle practices, and diabetes-related information.
Results:
The study revealed that while most police officers were free from diabetes, a notable proportion was affected, highlighting its importance as a public health issue within this occupational group. Age, family history, and hypertension emerged as strong demographic and comorbidity-related factors, whereas sex, marital status, and education showed little influence. Lifestyle behaviors were largely similar between groups, though the use of smokeless tobacco products stood out as being more common among those with diabetes. Occupational patterns showed that lower rank, higher income, and especially longer job duration were strongly associated with diabetes, reflecting the cumulative impact of prolonged service. On the other hand, duty hours, sleep patterns, and perceived job stress appeared to play a lesser role in disease prevalence.
Conclusions:
This study shows that diabetes among Bangladeshi police officers is shaped by age, family history, hypertension, tobacco use, and long service duration, with lower ranks being especially vulnerable.
Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Bangladesh Police, Occupational Stress, Workplace Health, Occupational Epidemiology
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Effects of Short-Term Formalin Exposure on Serum Magnesium and Zinc Levels among Students at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria.
IHIM, Augustine Chinedu, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Laboratory Science Faculty, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
IKEJI Ikenwachukwu Promise, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Newgate University, Minna.
EDEH, Ini, Medical Laboratory Science Council of Nigeria.
IKWELLE, Tochukwu Anthony, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Laboratory Science Faculty, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
OZURUOKE, Donatus F. N., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Newgate University, Minna.
OBI Collins Uchechukwu, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Laboratory Science Faculty, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18818224 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
Background: Formalin remains the conventional fixative for cadaver preservation in medical education and is extensively used during anatomical dissections. Despite its utility, formalin exposure poses potential health risks to medical students, particularly through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and disruption of essential mineral balance.
Objectives: This study assessed the effect of short-term (3-hour) formalin exposure on serum magnesium and zinc levels among medical students at Nnamdi Azikiwe University.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 90 participants aged 18–35 years, comprising 45 formalin-exposed medical students from the College of Health Sciences, Nnewi, and 45 unexposed controls. Blood samples from exposed students were collected after a 3-hour cadaveric dissection, while control samples were obtained without formalin exposure. Serum magnesium and zinc were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, and blood pressure was assessed with a standard sphygmomanometer. Data were analysed using independent t-tests and Pearson’s correlation, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: Mean serum magnesium and zinc levels were significantly lower in the exposed group [Mg: 3.46 ± 1.21 ppm; Zn: 0.30 ± 0.11 ppm] compared with the control group [Mg: 6.31 ± 1.70 ppm; Zn: 0.64 ± 0.18 ppm] (p < 0.05). Although systolic blood pressure was higher among exposed students, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). No significant correlation was observed between serum magnesium levels and diastolic blood pressure.
Conclusion: The results showed decreased serum zinc and magnesium levels, which may imply that short-term formalin exposure disrupts mineral homeostasis and predisposes exposed students to micronutrient deficiencies.
Keywords: Serum Magnesium, Serum Zinc, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Formaldehyde.
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Impact of Short-Term Formalin Exposure on Follicular Phase Reproductive Hormones Among Students at the Nnewi Campus Running head; Short-Term Formalin Exposure and Reproductive Hormones
OZURUOKE, Donatus F. N., Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Newgate University, Minna.
IHIM, Augustine Chinedu, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Laboratory Science Faculty, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
IFEH, Chinwoke Ifeh, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Laboratory Science Faculty, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
EDEH, Ini, Medical Laboratory Science Council of Nigeria.
IKWELLE, Tochukwu Anthony, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Laboratory Science Faculty, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
OBI, Collins Uchechukwu, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Newgate University, Minna.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18818071 | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
Background: Formaldehyde is widely used as a preservative in cadaveric dissection laboratories, resulting in routine exposure of medical students during anatomical training. Despite its extensive use, concerns persist regarding its potential endocrine and cardiovascular effects, particularly following short-term exposure.
Objectives: This study assessed the effect of short-term (3-hour) formalin exposure on serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and blood pressure among female medical students at Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus.
Methods: A cross-sectional, pre–post exposure study was conducted among 45 female medical students aged 18–35 years. Baseline blood samples collected prior to cadaveric dissection served as pre-exposure controls, while post-exposure samples were obtained after a 3-hour formalin exposure session. Serum FSH and LH levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Blood pressure was measured using an automated digital sphygmomanometer (OMRON 907). Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Pearson correlation analysis, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: A significant reduction was observed in mean serum luteinizing hormone levels following formalin exposure (14.39 ± 11.23 IU/L) compared with baseline values (17.51 ± 16.10 IU/L) (p < 0.05). Systolic blood pressure increased significantly post-exposure relative to baseline (p < 0.05). A weak but significant negative correlation was found between post-exposure serum FSH levels and diastolic blood pressure (r = −0.374, p = 0.011).
Conclusion: Short-term formalin exposure was associated with reduced serum LH levels and increased systolic blood pressure in female medical students. These findings suggest that even brief exposure may disrupt hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis regulation, potentially predisposing exposed individuals to hypoleutinism and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Enhanced exposure control measures and routine physiological monitoring are recommended in anatomy laboratories.
Keywords: Formalin, Luteinizing hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Hypogonadism, Hypoluteinism
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Community-Based Survey of Socioeconomic, Occupational, Environmental Exposures on Heavy Metals and Health Outcomes in some part of Taraba State, Nigeria
Bilyaminu, Habibu, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba state, Nigeria.
Ezeonu, Chukwuma Stephen, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biosciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba state, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18818030 | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
Background: Rural and peri-urban populations in low and middle income countries experience overlapping socioeconomic deprivation, occupational hazards, and environmental exposures that may exacerbate disease burden. In Nigeria, subsistence farming, widespread pesticide use, unsafe water sources, and emerging informal industrial activities create complex exposure pathways, yet community level evidence remains limited.
Objective: This study investigated socioeconomic and occupational characteristics, environmental exposures, dietary patterns, lifestyle behaviors, and health outcomes across nine Local Government Areas (LGAs) covering the three geo-political zones of Taraba State, Nigeria.
Methods: A cross-sectional community-based survey was conducted across the three geopolitical zones of Taraba State using a structured, interviewer administered questionnaire. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed to characterize demographic distributions, exposure profiles, symptom prevalence, and self-reported or clinically diagnosed health conditions.
Results: The population was predominantly of low educational attainment with only 8 to 10% having attained tertiary education level and engaged mainly in subsistence farming with about 80 to 90% of the respondents from the surveyed areas. Pesticide exposure, reliance on borehole and well water, and proximity to small scale industrial activities were common. Diets were dominated by locally produced tubers (cassava, yam, and sweet potato), with widespread use of herbal and traditional remedies. Symptom prevalence was high, particularly fatigue, headache, skin diseases, abdominal pain, joint pain, and mood changes. Diagnosed conditions included Heavy metal exposure, kidney and liver disorders, and cancers. Most affected individuals were not receiving regular medical treatment due to poverty, illiteracy, and limited healthcare access.
Conclusion: The convergence of socioeconomic disadvantage, occupational and environmental exposures, and unmet healthcare needs represents a significant public health challenge in Taraba State. Integrated environmental, agricultural, and health-system interventions are urgently required.
Keywords: Environmental exposure; community survey; pesticide use; heavy metals; tubers; Taraba State; Nigeria.
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Role of Clinical Pharmacists in Reducing Prescription Errors in Hospitals
Fizza Salik, Department of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Pakistan.
Muhammad Ammar Nawaz, Department of Marine Science, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18766241 | Page 01 to 18
Abstract
Prescription errors within hospital settings are a significant cause of preventable patient harm, contributing to adverse drug events, increased healthcare costs, and prolonged hospital stays. Clinical pharmacists, as integral members of multidisciplinary healthcare teams, have been proposed as a key intervention for reducing prescription errors through direct involvement in medication review, reconciliation, and prescriber consultation. This study assesses the impact of clinical pharmacists’ interventions on the frequency and severity of prescription errors in a tertiary care hospital over a six-month period. A quantitative retrospective analysis was conducted on 1,200 prescriptions, comparing error rates before and after clinical pharmacist involvement. Error types were categorized into dosing, drug interactions, incorrect dosage form, and illegible orders. Results demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in overall prescription errors following pharmacist review, with a 42% decrease in dosing errors and a 37% reduction in potential drug–drug interactions. The study further explored prescriber perceptions and pharmacist interventions, revealing enhanced interprofessional communication and improved medication safety culture. Results indicate that pharmacist participation at key points—especially during prescription review and ward rounds—can lead to measurable improvements in prescribing practices. The findings support expanding clinical pharmacy services as a strategic initiative to improve patient safety outcomes. Future research should explore long-term cost-benefit analyses and extend this model to different clinical settings.
Keywords: Clinical pharmacists, prescription errors, hospital pharmacy, medication safety, adverse drug events, interprofessional collaboration
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Minds Behind Geopolitics: Political Psychology, Cognition, and Power in the Middle East an Interdisciplinary Personal Opinion Review
Samin Foroughi, Independent Researcher in Occupational Therapy and Holistic Health Studies Poznań, Poland.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18703070| Page 01 to 07
Abstract
Geopolitical contests are not solely the product of material capabilities or institutional arrangements; they also reflect the ways leaders and societies perceive threats, interpret opportunities, and process information; this notion can be tracked in different political relations answering to such questions that why countries like U.S and the UK have better alignments in the level of leadership (Aghili Dehnavi & Fiedler, 2025) Political psychology and cognitive science offer tools to unpack how biases, identities, and emotional heuristics influence decision-making in international politics. This concise review reinterprets recent Middle Eastern dynamics—sanctions, alliances, digital governance, and cultural soft power—through the lens of political cognition.
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A Sample Protocol for Using Tai Chi and Qigong to Treat Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Application of Artificial Intelligence to Traditional Chinese Medicine
Robert W. McGee, Fayetteville State University.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18681879 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS), affects 17–24 million people worldwide and is characterized by profound, unexplained fatigue, post-exertional malaise, unrefreshing sleep, and significant impairment in quality of life. Conventional treatments remain largely symptomatic and of limited efficacy. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) views CFS as a disorder of Qi deficiency and stagnation, making gentle Qi-cultivating practices such as Tai Chi and Qigong theoretically well-suited interventions. Guo Lin Qigong, originally developed by Grandmaster Guo Lin for cancer recovery, employs slow walking combined with specific breathing patterns (“Wind Breathing”) and is noted for its extremely low intensity (1.5–2 METs), making it tolerable even for severely fatigued patients. Using Grok 4 artificial intelligence, a tailored, evidence-informed Guo Lin Qigong protocol was generated and refined for CFS. The resulting 15-minute program emphasizes the “Wind Breathing Walk” while omitting higher-effort postures to minimize risk of post-exertional malaise. An 8-week randomized controlled trial design is proposed to test the protocol’s effects on fatigue (MFI-20), vitality (VAS), functional capacity (6MWD), and quality of life (SF-36). This study illustrates a novel methodology for rapidly translating ancient TCM practices into modern, testable clinical protocols through artificial intelligence, offering a scalable model for other chronic illnesses.
Keywords: Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Myalgic Encephalomyelitis, Guo Lin Qigong, Tai Chi, Traditional Chinese Medicine, post-exertional malaise, artificial intelligence, mind-body intervention, fatigue management, Qi deficiency
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A Sample Protocol for Using Tai Chi and Qigong to Treat Cardiovascular Disease: An Application of Artificial Intelligence to Traditional Chinese Medicine
Robert W. McGee, Fayetteville State University.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18681604 | Page 01 to 11
Abstract
This study demonstrates the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in bridging Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with evidence-based cardiac rehabilitation. Using Grok 4, a large language model, a safe, evidence-informed Tai Chi Qigong Shibashi (Set 1) protocol was generated and refined specifically for patients recovering from myocardial infarction (post-MI) or with stable cardiovascular disease. The resulting 6-posture, 20-minute program emphasizes heart-Qi regulation, gentle circulation enhancement, and autonomic balance while maintaining very low intensity (2–2.5 METs, RPE 9–11). “Lifting the Ball” was identified as the most heart-specific movement and is prioritized. The protocol deliberately omits higher-effort postures (Rowing the Boat, Rolling Arms) to minimize fatigue in early recovery. A detailed 8-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with objective (6MWD, HRV, LVEF) and patient-reported outcomes is proposed. Expected benefits based on existing Tai Chi/Qigong cardiology trials include 6MWD increases of 50–70 m, HRV improvements of 25–33%, and modest LVEF gains (3–5%). This work illustrates a novel, rapid, and cost-effective method for developing individualized TCM-based interventions using contemporary AI tools, offering clinicians a practical, culturally rooted adjunct to standard post-MI rehabilitation.
Keywords: Tai Chi Qigong, Shibashi, cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, cardiac rehabilitation, Traditional Chinese Medicine, heart Qi deficiency, artificial intelligence, integrative cardiology, mind-body intervention, heart rate variability, 6-minute walk test, post-MI recovery, health Qigong, evidence-based TCM
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EXPONENTIAL MODEL FOR ASSESSING COMPETING RISK IN PATIENT SURVIVAL TIME IN CLINICAL TRIALS
Eric Boahen, Department of Statistics School of Mathematical Sciences University of Technology and Applied Sciences, Ghana.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18478091 | Page 01 to 11
Abstract
Patients’ survival time depends on several concomitant variables that compete for cancer patients’ survival. Censored values make parameter estimation difficult. For this reason, an optimal model was developed to estimate patients’ paucity entries that generate censored values in survival data. A total of 98 cancer patients were followed to death and their survival times recorded. The data was made up of 80% censored values and 20% uncensored values. The average survival time for patients is 46 months. The presence of tumor in the breast cancer contributed to six times the death of the patients. Simulations show that, median follow-up time is 4.17874 months and the density of incidence of the risk of cancer is 0.0757.
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Collaboration Among Healthcare Professionals and Effective Healthcare Delivery in Kogi State Specialist Hospital, Lokoja, Kogi State – Nigeria
Samuel Soji AKINWALE, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State -Nigeria.
Julius Olugbenga OWOYEMI, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State -Nigeria.
Edime Yunusa, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Prince Abubakar Audu University, Anyigba, Kogi State -Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18448701 | Page 01 to 64
Abstract
To achieve the global health Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), there is need for all healthcare professionals to collaborate within and across specialties and disciplines. Despite the global evidences supporting interprofessional collaboration, there continues to be issues in understanding its manifestations and influence on healthcare delivery in resource-limited environments like Nigeria. Therefore, this study investigated the collaboration among healthcare professionals and effective healthcare delivery in Kogi State Specialist Hospital (KSSH), Lokoja, Nigeria. The study assessed the extent of collaboration among healthcare professionals, its effect on healthcare service delivery. The study utilised the Relational Coordination Theory, the central assumption of which is that high-quality relationships enable more effective communication, which in turn improves coordination and performance outcomes. Descriptive survey research design was adopted using a structured questionnaire administered to a census sample of 249 healthcare professionals in the study area and the data gathered were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the formulated hypotheses were tested using both simple and Multiple Linear Regression. The findings revealed a high prevalence of interprofessional collaboration of 99.2% among respondents; hypothesis testing further showed that collaboration significantly improves healthcare delivery outcomes, including service efficiency (β = 0.60, p < 0.001), reduced patient length of stay (β = -0.41, p = 0.004), fewer medical errors (β = -0.55, p < 0.001), and higher patient satisfaction (β = 0.68, p < 0.001). The study concluded that collaboration is not only prevalent among the hospital workforce but also essential for delivering high-quality, efficient, and patient-centred care and recommended that the hospital administrators, State Ministry of Health/Hospital Management Board, Professional Regulatory Councils and policymakers should institutionalise inclusive collaboration frameworks that transcend professional boundaries, giving equal voice to all healthcare workers in clinical decision-making professional Councils/Regulatory Bodies should strengthen collaboration through continuous interprofessional training programmes is essential, particularly those that simulate real-life scenarios and encourage role appreciation across the hospital departments.
Keywords: Health, Healthcare System, Healthcare Professionals, Effective Collaboration, Healthcare Delivery, Kogi State Specialist Hospital, Lokoja.
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Prevalence and Predictors of Low Packed Cell Volume among Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Northwestern Nigeria
Yakubu Anas Ibrahim, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University Birnin-Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18302638 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
Background: Among Sickle cell disease (SCD) patients, the levels of Steady state packed cell volume (SSPCV) can reflect the extent of the anemia, and several factors have been linked with low SSPCV. However, in Northwestern Nigeria, the burden and the associated factors remained unexplored; therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of low SSPCV in this environment.
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Hematology of Usmanu Danfodiyo University teaching UDUTH, Sokoto, among patients with sickle cell disease attending clinic visits. A total of 206 patients were recruited via systematic sampling. The SSPCV was assessed from routine clinical investigations and the case file. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS version 25.
Results: The mean steady-state packed cell Volume (SSPCV) of the respondents was 24.00±4.70%, and about one in two (45.6%) had a low SSPCV below 24%. There was a statistically significant association between a lower steady-state packed cell volume and lower socio-economic status, lower levels of education, participants from the Hausa/Fulani tribe, and hemoglobin S homozygosity (HBSS). However, only educational level and socio-economic status remained predictors of low SSPCV.
Conclusion: The burden of low SSPCV is substantial, with about half of the participants having low SSPCV. Low level of education and Socioeconomic disadvantage were identified as the main predictors. Therefore, there is a need for targeted social interventions as well as health education and community awareness to mitigate this burden.
Keywords: Sickle cell disease, Steady state, Packed cell volume, Nigeria, PCV.
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Vitiligo: Genetics and Psychological Approaches
Dr. Gülçin ITIRLI ASLAN, Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Tıbbi Genetik A.D.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18194374 | Page 01 to 46
Abstract
This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of current research and applications related to the genetic basis and psychological effects of vitiligo. First, genomic studies used to understand the genetic structure of the disease, familial inheritance patterns, and etiological genetic modeling approaches are detailed. This allows for a better understanding of the genetic predisposition and hereditary pathways of vitiligo. At the same time, information regarding the psychosocial status and quality of life of patients and their families is also examined. The study also addresses the impact of psychological interventions and their integration into clinical practice, highlighting that the treatment process requires a multidimensional approach involving not only medical but also psychological support. Furthermore, by evaluating current limitations and future research areas, suggestions are made regarding how the subject may develop in subsequent stages. The primary aim of this review is to contribute to the development of a holistic approach to vitiligo management from both genetic and psychosocial perspectives.
Keywords: Vitiligo, Genetic Predisposition, Psychosocial Impact, Quality of Life, Etiological Modeling, Holistic Management
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A Sample Protocol for Using Tai Chi and Qigong to Treat Back Pain: An Application of Artificial Intelligence to Traditional Chinese Medicine
Robert W. McGee, Fayetteville State University.
MSI Journal of Medicine and Medical Research (MSIJMMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/18160479 | Page 01 to 18
Abstract
Background: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a major global cause of disability. Tai Chi and Qigong have demonstrated moderate-to-large effects on pain and function in CLBP, yet detailed, evidence-based, patient-tolerant protocols remain scarce.
Objective: To utilize artificial intelligence (Grok 4, xAI) combined with human expertise to develop and propose a practical, back-pain-specific Eight Brocades Qigong protocol and an 8-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) for its evaluation.
Methods: Grok 4 was provided with current epidemiological, biomechanical, and clinical evidence on CLBP and Eight Brocades Qigong. The AI generated a full protocol, which was subsequently edited for clinical applicability, safety, and tolerability. A single-blind RCT design with 40 participants (20 intervention, 20 active control) was outlined.
Results: The final protocol is a 20-minute, 3×/week program emphasizing six postures (most notably “Two Hands Hold the Feet”), performed for 6–8 repetitions each. Two higher-effort, less back-specific postures are omitted to improve adherence and reduce fatigue. Expected outcomes based on prior meta-analyses include a 10–15% reduction in Oswestry Disability Index and 15–20 mm decrease in VAS pain.
Conclusion: This study illustrates a replicable AI-assisted methodology for rapidly converting traditional Chinese movement practices into modern, evidence-informed therapeutic protocols. The proposed shortened Eight Brocades program is safe, feasible, and optimized for CLBP, and is ready for formal efficacy testing.
Keywords: chronic low back pain, Eight Brocades, Baduanjin, Qigong, Tai Chi, artificial intelligence, traditional Chinese medicine, mind-body intervention, randomized controlled trial, non-pharmacological treatment
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