Constraints Analysis of Garden Egg (Solanum melongena) Marketing in Aniocha South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria.
Okonkwo-Emegha, Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria.
K. PhD, Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria.
Dr. Okafor Ifeoma Pethronila, Department of Business Administration and Management, Federal Polytechnics Oko, Nigeria.
Dr. Adejoh Sunday, Department of Agricultural Economics & Extension, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15779947 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
This study investigates the constraints analysis of garden egg (Solanum melongena) marketing in Aniocha South Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from a random sample of 100 garden egg marketers. Analytical tools, including regression analysis and mean 4-point likert scale, were employed to achieve the study objectives. The R-square value of 0.615 suggests that the included variables collectively explain 61.5% of the variability in profit. Regression analysis identifies significant predictors of profit, thus, sex is significant at 1% level of probability increase in profit by 10,891.97 units. Marital status is significant at a 1% level and profit increases by N5, 915.074 units, household size has a t-value of 6.01*** statistically significant at 1% probability level increase in profit by N1, 582.307 units. The coefficient for marketing experience is 483.914 units increase in profits and statistical significance at a 5% level. Education has a t-value of -3.37*** at 1% statistically decrease in profit by N535.324 units. Transportation have positive coefficients (0.511 and 0.340, respectively) with t-values indicating statistical significance at a 5% level. The study also assesses constraints faced by garden egg marketers, revealing a consensus (grand mean of 3.16) that challenges such as high transportation costs (mean 3.8), lack of storage facilities (mean 3.5), perish ability (mean 3.8), inadequate infrastructure (mean 4.2), and inadequate capital (mean 4.3) are significant obstacles. The study recommends targeted interventions to address these challenges and enhance the overall profitability and sustainability of garden egg marketing in the study area.
Keywords: Constraints, Analysis, Garden Egg, Marketing
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Enhancing Alumni Interaction and Progress Tracking through Innovative Web-Mobile Solutions: A Case Study of Moshi Cooperative University (MoCU)
Samwel Katwale, Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU)
Mwapashua Fujo, Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU)
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15780322 | Page 01 to 23
Abstract
This study presents the design, development, and evaluation of a web-mobile alumni engagement platform for Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU). Recognising the critical role of alumni in supporting institutional growth and fostering lifelong academic relationships, the research aimed to create an inclusive, user-centred digital solution to enhance interaction, track alumni progress, and improve institutional communication. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving a pre-implementation questionnaire to gather requirements from 100 purposively selected alumni and post-implementation surveys to assess usability, adoption, and satisfaction. System development followed a User-Centred Design (UCD) framework integrated with iterative prototyping and stakeholder feedback loops. The platform featured tools such as alumni directories, job boards, mentorship channels, and event alerts, deployed on mobile and web channels to maximise accessibility. Results indicated strong platform adoption (75% frequent usage), high satisfaction (over 70% satisfied), and alignment between pre-identified alumni needs and implemented features. The system demonstrates the potential for ICT solutions to bridge alumni-institution gaps, especially in resource-constrained contexts. The study concludes with recommendations for sustainable engagement, scalability, and continuous system evaluation.
Keywords: Web-Mobile Applications, User-Centred Design (UCD), Alumni Tracking Systems, Digital Communication Platforms, Higher Education ICT Solutions, Progress Tracking in Higher Education.
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ARMED FOREST GUARDS: RENEWED HOPE FOR FOREST PROTECTION IN NIGERIA?
Labe, T.E., Department of Forest Production and Products Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) https://zenodo.org/records/15780582 | DOI | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
Literatures have shown a lot of evidence that criminals have completely taken over forests in Nigeria. Thousands of people have either been killed or kidnapped by these hoodlums. Every Ecological zone of the country has witnessed one form of insecurity or the other. Forests have become the base for most of the criminal activities in the country. Lack of proper management of the Nigerian forests has made the forests safe homes for hoodlums who engage in various evil activities. Government has paid little attention to forest protection within the country. It was concluded that armed forest guards can significantly contribute to combating criminal activities in Nigerian forests. It has been recommended that Forest Guards should be given specialized training in forest combat, warfare, anti-robbery and counter-terrorism.
Keywords: armed, forest, guards, protection and insecurity
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OF OBSOLETE
Mr. Dibakar Pal, M. Phil, Retired Executive Magistrate (Civil Servant in India) & Independent Scholar.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) https://zenodo.org/records/15780897 | DOI | Page 01 to 05
Abstract
Courtesy costs nothing. Obsolete thing may expect due recognition at least for its past services. They say recognition is such a thing that reaches always late. Sometimes it reaches after death. Again sometimes it reaches never even. It reaches if it likes. It reaches not if it likes not. Thus its mood and motive are gloriously so uncertain. It is the endless episode of an infinite series since time immemorial. Such practice has not become obsolete really.
KEYWORDS: Obsolete, out of date, old-fashioned
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Bureaucratic Governance and Socioeconomic Development in Nigeria: Analyzing the Interplay Between Administrative Efficiency and Public Service Delivery.
Ebong, Itoro Bassey Ph.D, Department of Public Administration University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State.
Monday. S. Akpakpan PhD, Department of Public Administration University of Uyo, Uyo, AKWA Ibom State.
Emmanuel. A. Ndaeyo PhD, Department of public administration Akwa Ibom State University, ObioAkpa Campus.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15796647 | Page 01 to 26
Abstract
Bureaucratic governance functions as a base component of socioeconomic development that shapes how policies are executed and services are delivered by public departments as well as administrative operability. The bureaucratic structures throughout Nigeria operate with inefficiencies alongside high bureaucratic processes and corruption and insufficient institutional capacity to obstruct sustainable development along with economic growth. The paper investigates how effective bureaucracy relates to socioeconomic enhancement by exploring its influence on administrative operations within public institutions. This study implements Max Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory and Public Choice Theory to build its framework. Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory identifies hierarchy as well as formal operational rules and skill-based employment selection as mandatory components for achieving efficient administration. In Nigerian bureaucratic systems the foundational principles have frequently not been followed thus resulting in poor efficiency along with governance breakdowns. Bureaucrats along with policymakers according to Public Choice Theory emphasize their individual interests which results in institutional failure along with corruption of public services. The research uses a combination of secondary data methods to analyze bureaucratic systems and administrative procedures in Nigeria by examining academic literature with government papers and official policy documentation available through databases of trusted online sources. The research depends on qualitative content analysis to methodologically examine and analyze secondary information about bureaucratic inefficiencies while detecting common trends which link these problems to economic and social development effects. The study revealed among others that insufficient bureaucratic systems affected service delivery in most essential sectors such as healthcare, educational and infrastructure services. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that Nigeria’s government needs to build strong bureaucratic institutions by implementing reforms alongside capacity development programs and creating effective ant-corruption systems to achieve economic and social development. The study further proposed for administrative changes to base performance on results and better visibility in public management and the implementation of technological solutions to boost operational speed in Nigeria public service.
Keywords: Bureaucratic governance, public service delivery, administrative efficiency, socioeconomic development, governance reforms.
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URBAN RENEWAL PROGRAMMES AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN UYO METROPOLIS. Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria: AN ASSESSMENT.
Ebong, ItoroBassey Ph.D, Department of Political Science and Public Administration.
Harrison Otuekong Ataide Ph.D, Department of Political Science and Public Administration.
Ekom Kuyak Udofia, Faculty of Social Sciences University of UyoUyo, AkwaIbom State
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15796720 | Page 01 to 27
Abstract
Urban renewal is a key strategy aimed at rejuvenating urban areas through infrastructure development, housing improvements, and the enhancement of economic and social conditions. This study critically examined the effectiveness of urban renewal programmes in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria with a focus on their influence on infrastructural development, socio-economic growth, and residents’ quality of life. Employing a combination of documentary and descriptive research designs, data were drawn from secondary sources and analyzed thematically through content analysis. Modernization theory propounded by Rostow in 1960 was adopted as a theoretical framework. The study revealed among others that while notable achievements, such as improved road networks and flood control measures, have been realized, the urban renewa programmes face significant challenges including poor planning, funding limitations, inadequate maintenance policy, and insufficient stakeholder involvement. These factors have hindered the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of the programmes. Based on the findings, the study recommended that urban renewal initiatives should prioritize meaningful community engagements during the planning, implementation, and monitoring phases. The study also recommended regular consultations with local residents and civil society to ensure that the projects meet the specific needs of various neighborhoods which will foster greater acceptance and long-term sustainability. Additionally, government should explore diverse funding avenues, including public-private partnerships and international development grants, to alleviate financial constraints and ensure adequate resources for both project implementation and subsequent maintenance. Finally, the study recommended that the urban renewal efforts in Uyo metropolis, the capital city of Akwa Ibom State should always project basically the integration of infrastructural development and socio-economic impacts on the city life with specific focus on the provision of affordable housing, proper ànd well planned drainage systems, green spaces and recreation parks, and other sustainable public utilities. Such an approach is essential for tackling the root causes of the enormous challenges that face urban centres including urban drift towards the surrounding rural soburbs while promoting inclusive and sustainable development in Uyo metropolis.
Keywords: Urban renewal Programme, infrastructural development, socio-economic growth, sustainable development and modernization.
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Phytomanagement of Heavy Metals Contaminated Soil: Potentials and Challenges
Ogundele O.D., Department of Chemical Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria.
Ogundele D.T., Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.
Adeyanju T.E., Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria.
Aborode T.O., Department of Biochemical and Chemical Sciences, Federal Polytechnic, Offa, Kwara state, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15804650 | Page 01 to 29
Abstract
Phytomanagement of heavy metal-contaminated soil has appeared as a sustainable and promising method for soil remediation. This article explores the potentials and challenges associated with phytomanagement techniques and their application in addressing heavy metal contamination. Phytomanagement encompasses a range of strategies, including phytoremediation approaches such as rhizofiltration, phytoextraction, phytovolatilization, and phytostabilization. These techniques utilize the unique abilities of plants to uptake, accumulate, and stop heavy metals, thereby reducing their bioavailability and potential risks to the environment and human health. The review discusses the principles and advantages of phytomanagement and the several challenges and limitations were identified, such as the slow growth and limited metal accumulation in some plant species, constraints in using hyperaccumulator plants, and the potential transfer of metals to the food chain. To overcome these challenges, the review highlights the importance of careful plant selection based on metal tolerance and accumulation characteristics, consideration of soil properties and environmental factors, and the exploration of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology applications and genetic engineering. Phytomanagement offers a promising pathway for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminateJd soil. By understanding its potentials and addressing the associated challenges, phytomanagement can be effectively utilized to restore contaminated sites and promote sustainable environmental management.
Keywords: Phytomanagement, Phytoremediation, contaminated soil, heavy metals, environmental pollution.
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Isolation and Identification of Chromium Resistant Bacteria from a Polluted Soil
Ahmad Abdulnafiu, Department of Biochemistry, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria.
Abubakar Aisami, Department of Biochemistry, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria.
Ibrahim Muhammad Umar, Department of Chemistry, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15804690 | Page 01 to 15
Abstract
Tannery effluents from the textile industry contain a variety of organic chemicals used in manufacture, including dyes, chrome dyes, and other chemicals. These can result in large-scale liquid waste discharges that contain heavy metals, including hexavalent chromium. Chromium-resistant bacteria were isolated from polluted soil in order to address these heavy metals biologically as environmental contaminants. Using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer AAS, the total amount of chromium in the soil sample was determined to be 0.0863 mg/l. Under ideal circumstances, the effects of pH and different chromium concentrations on the bacteria’s ability to bio transform were also examined for a duration of 72–96 hours. Pseudomonas spp., a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, was isolated from the soil using a combination of microscopic identification (gram staining) and other biochemical testing. The greatest biotransformation capability was found to be 90.65% and 90.99% at pH 6 and 7, respectively. The results of this study demonstrate that Pseudomonas species are capable of withstanding hexavalent chromium.
Keywords: tannery effluents, bio-transformation, hexavalent, chromium, resistant bacteria, atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS), gram-negative bacteria
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Data-Driven Decision-Making for National Progress: Leveraging MIS, AI, and Predictive Analytics
Rashed Khan, Business Administration Discipline, National University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
Rashid Alam, Independent Researcher, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Shreyan Sarker, Business Administration Discipline, National University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15849539 | Page 01 to 18
Abstract
The convergence of Management Information Systems (MIS), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Predictive Analytics is reshaping the foundation of national economic decision-making. This paper investigates the role of Business Intelligence (BI) as a strategic catalyst, enabling governments and institutions to transform vast data repositories into actionable insights for policy development, resource management, and long-term economic planning. By integrating MIS structures with AI-powered analytics, nations can anticipate economic fluctuations, identify inefficiencies, and enhance performance across key sectors such as healthcare, finance, energy, and education. The study underscores the value of predictive analytics in crisis anticipation, fiscal impact assessment, and crafting timely responses to market volatility. Through a series of international case studies, the paper demonstrates how intelligent data systems drive greater transparency, facilitate digital governance, and improve public service delivery. It also explores critical challenges, including data integrity, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and workforce preparedness, alongside ethical concerns like algorithmic bias and national data control. The conclusion outlines a strategic framework for embedding smart technologies into national economic planning to promote inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable development. Ultimately, the paper presents BI as an essential pillar in the architecture of modern economies, equipping nations to navigate the complexities of a rapidly evolving digital era.
Keywords: Business Intelligence, Economic Growth, Predictive Analytics, Management Information Systems
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Exploring Home Factors Influencing Boys' Academic Performance to Join Special Schools for Gifted Students in Zanzibar, Tanzania
Halima Khelef Mbarouk, Department of Postgraduate Studies, The State University of Zanzibar, Tanzania.
George Julius Babune, Department of Management Studies, Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15853991 | Page 01 to 42
Abstract
This article is about the exploration of home factors that influence boys’ academic performance to join special schools for gifted students using the descriptive cross-sectional design. Specifically, this study focuses on the main question, namely: What home factors influence boys’ academic performance to join special schools for gifted students in the seventh-grade national examinations in public primary schools? The study was guided by the Ecological System Theory developed by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1979-2005). The target population of this study involved head teachers, academic teachers, and parents, as well as the boys’ students from selected primary schools. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach in data collection and data analysis to get reliable and accurate data. Purposive sampling procedures were used in this study to select participants. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey and in the four schools. Quantitative data were analysed by descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage, using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). On the other hand, Qualitative data were analysed by using thematic analysis. The study involved 140 students from selected schools. These were eight (8) teachers, eight (8) parents as key informants. The findings of the study indicated that the majority of respondents, 72.1%, agreed on the presence of home factors that influence boys’ education performance to join special schools for gifted students, including financial support from parents, and participation in society. Other factors include parental involvement, low support for male parents, friendship with other children in their society, child labour, and unrestricted activities at home. The poor performance of boys in the seventh-grade national examinations in the public primary schools (PPS) has an impact on schools and the community at large. It was concluded that boys’ poor performance is influenced by home-related factors that are socially constructed, where child labour and other home activities are part of the problem affecting boys’ performance. It was also found that there is a necessity of having effective parents’ meetings, giving motivation for boys, and controlling the school discipline. Moreover over the study recommended that, for good performance, teachers need to encourage parents to be active contributors in school meetings and follow the request from school, and their involvement would make them attentive to the problems affecting the boys’ students academically. On the other hand, parents should give their boys more attention and proper incentives to improve their academic performance. Society engages in the decision-making of the learning boys in order to shape their morality.
Keywords: Boys’ performance, gifted students, home factors, special schools, Zanzibar
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Impact of Community-Based Intervention Versus Control on Antenatal and HIV Service Uptake in Gombe State, Nigeria
Suraj Abdulkarim, Department of Community Medicine, Gombe State University.
Paul Balogun, Janna Health Foundation, Adamawa State, Nigeria.
Muhammad Sanusi Ahmad, Gombe State AIDS and STIs Control Program.
Abdulrazaq Abubakr Ahmad, Federal College of Education Katsina.
Bappah Lawan, Department of Education Foundations, Gombe State University.
Joseph Kuye, John Snow Inc. (JSI), TB DIAH Project, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria.
Aishatu Abdulkarim, Department of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Gombe State University.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15857305 | Page 01 to 23
Abstract
Maternal mortality and HIV transmission remain pressing challenges in northern Nigeria, driven by low antenatal care (ANC) attendance, delayed pregnancy identification, and weak HIV service uptake. This quasi-experimental study evaluated the impact of a community-based intervention on maternal and HIV outcomes in Gombe State. Trained community health workers (CHWs) conducted house-to-house visits to identify pregnant women, refer them for ANC and HIV services, and support service follow-up. Data were collected from 1,600 pregnant women 800 at baseline and 800 at endline across matched intervention and control communities using repeated cross-sectional surveys. Difference-in-Differences (DiD) analysis showed that early pregnancy identification improved by 29 percentage points (from 45% to 78%, p < 0.001) and ANC attendance increased by 22 points (from 58% to 85%, p < 0.001) in the intervention arm. HIV testing uptake rose by 34 percentage points (from 52% to 90%, p < 0.001), while linkage to care among HIV-positive women reached 92% in the intervention group compared to 65% in control (p = 0.002). Infant antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis coverage was 88% in the intervention group versus 62% in control (p = 0.004), and maternal retention at 36 weeks reached 86% versus 59% (p = 0.006). Subgroup analysis revealed greater gains among adolescents, rural women, and those with low education. The intervention demonstrated high effectiveness and equity, with Number Needed to Treat (NNT) ranging from 2.9 to 3.7 for core outcomes. These findings support the scale-up of CHW-led outreach as a cost-efficient, equity-enhancing strategy for maternal and HIV care in underserved settings.
Keywords: Antenatal Care, Community Health Workers, Community Intervention, HIV Testing, Maternal Health
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The Homeodynamic Health Model according to Pazer
Sora Pazer, IU International University of Applied Science Faculty of Social Work Germany.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15869168 | Page 01 to 18
Abstract
In the current theoretical and practical landscape, health is a multi-layered, but often vaguely defined term. The homeodynamic health model according to Pazer proposes a new conceptual order in which health is understood as a dynamically graded ability for self-regulation, adaptation and existential development. In contrast to dichotomous or static models, the present concept defines five functional and anthropologically differentiated phases: survival, conservation, adaptation, high performance and generativity. These stages describe qualitative differences in the integration of physiological, psychological and existential processes. The model integrates systems theory, salutogenetic and anthropological perspectives and enables in-depth functional diagnostics as well as step-oriented intervention logic in medicine, psychotherapy, public health, coaching and educational work. Methodologically, it is a structuring heuristic that requires empirical operationalization and validation but can already make an integrative contribution to a scientifically based understanding of health. In a time of fragmentation of the concept of health, this model argues for a return to a holistic, developmentally oriented anthropology of viability.
Keywords: Health Model, Homeodynamics, Salutogenesis, Health Theory, Functional Health, Systems Theory, Resilience, Generativity, Anthropological Medicine, Development, Viability, Health Psychology
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Decoding the Existing Gender-Based Double Standards in Adichie’s Fiction
Ogue, Bibiane, Doctoral student Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin Republic.
Bodjrenou, Caroline, Department of English Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin Republic.
Okpeicha, Paulette, Département of English (Adjarra) Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Benin Republic.
Gbaguidi, Célestin, Department of English Université d’Abomey-Calavi Benin Republic.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15879219 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
This article explores the existing double standard when it comes to infidelity in relationships in four of Adichie’s works, which are Half of a Yellow Sun (2006), The Thing Around Your Neck (2009), Purple Hibiscus (2003), Americanah (2013) and The Visit (2021). Through a qualitative research methodology, this article first analyzes the perception of infidelity and how it is addressed in a family setting. Then, it explores gendered double standards regarding aging and physical appearance in the selected literary works. The study reveals that, contrary to women’s infidelity, men’s infidelity tends to be ‘normalised’ in society, which results in it being accepted as long as it is not so obvious. However, Adichie presents characters with feminist stances who challenge the ‘normalised nature’ of men’s infidelity and ask men to fully take responsibility for their wrongdoing. Moreover, women face negative perceptions when they are aging and when they don’t fit in the conventional beauty standards.
Keywords: gender, infidelity, double standard, norms, social justice
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Impacts of Heavy Metal Accumulation on Cocoa Bean Quality and Farmer Perceptions in Artisanal Mining Communitiesin Ghana.
Philip Kwaku Kokonu, Technical Department, Cocoa Health and Extension Division, Ghana Cocoa Board. New Abirem Cocoa District, Abirem, Eastern Region, Ghana.
Enock Kwablah Teye, Department of Agribusiness, School of Business, Presbyterian University, Ghana, P.O. Box 59, Abetifi-Kwahu, Ghana.
Richard Kwame Nimako, Department of Business Administration, Presbyterian University, Ghana. P.O.Box 59, Abetifi-Kwahu, Ghana.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15879544 | Page 01 to 26
Abstract
This study evaluated heavy metal accumulation in cocoa farming environments and its impact on cocoa bean quality in Ghana’s Fanteakwa District, an area affected by illegal small-scale mining (galamsey). A total of 100 cocoa farmers from five communities were selected through convenient sampling. Data were gathered using structured questionnaires and laboratory analysis of soil and cocoa bean samples. Demographic data showed that most respondents were male (69%), aged 55–64 (61%), married (84%), and had basic education (79%). All respondents acknowledged the presence of illegal mining, with 65% strongly agreeing that their farms were healthier before its onset. Soil analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) revealed average concentrations of arsenic (0.8180 mg/kg), cadmium (0.7147 mg/kg), mercury (0.5900 mg/kg), lead (0.6187 mg/kg), zinc (28.8407 mg/kg), and copper (30.1807 mg/kg). Cocoa beans showed lower concentrations, all within international safety limits: arsenic (0.0305 mg/kg), cadmium (0.0261 mg/kg), mercury (0.0199 mg/kg), lead (0.0189 mg/kg), zinc (24.0647 mg/kg), and copper (18.5153 mg/kg). However, some soil cadmium levels exceeded FAO/WHO’s permissible limit of 1.4 mg/kg. A Pearson correlation of 0.207 (p = 0.536) indicated a weak, non-significant relationship between heavy metal levels and cocoa bean quality. While bean safety remains within acceptable standards, findings highlight environmental contamination risks. Farmers’ perceptions and scientific evidence underscore the urgent need for regular monitoring and sustainable land-use practices to protect cocoa production in mining-impacted regions.
Keywords: Heavy Metal Contamination, Cocoa Bean Quality, Artisanal Mining (Galamsey), Farmer Perceptions, Sustainable Land‑Use Practices
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Midpoint Approach to the Quadratic Equation
Mwinyipembe Jumanne Hamisi, Muslim University of Morogoro, Tanzania.
Bilali Mataru, Muslim University of Morogoro, Tanzania.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16044662 | Page 01 to 06
Abstract
This microarticle presents a novel approach to solving quadratic equations, encapsulated in a proof for the general formula derived from the standard quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. The work elucidates the relationships between the roots of the equation, denoted as x1 and x2, through the application of the sum and product of roots. The proof highlights that the average of the roots is given by − b , establishing it as the midpoint between x1 and x2. Furthermore, the article ex- plores the concept of distance d from this midpoint to each root, leading to the derivation of the quadratic formula x = −b±√b2−4ac . This innovative method not only reinforces the understanding of quadratic equations but also enhances the pedagogical approach to teaching this fundamental concept in mathematics.
Keywords: Algebra, Quadratic Equation, Roots, Midpoint
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Globalization and Conflicts: A Review
Emmanuel Niyonzima, Protestant university of Rwanda.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16208717 | Page 01 to 26
Abstract
Some scholars have agreed that Globalization, due to its invasive and interconnected nature, is viewed as a driver of social change and a potential trigger for conflict, exacerbating tensions in many societies and possibly giving rise to new ones. This research sought to examine how globalization influences conflicts worldwide, focusing specifically on the impact of global integration in natural resources, technology, trade, and religious to the global conflict. Findings indicated that globalization drivers such as natural resources, culture, technology, and trade are connected to current conflicts worldwide. For instance, religious interference has led to wars in countries like Somalia, Nigeria, and Iraq, while trade disputes have heightened tensions between states globally. Furthermore, technology has been a catalyst for terrorist activities in different nations and facilitated the transfer of funds for such acts. Therefore, it is recommended that states prioritize promoting trade, preserving citizens’ cultures and religions, and responsibly utilizing their natural resources for sustainable development.
Keywords: globalization, conflicts, global natural resources, global trade, global technology
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Examining the impact of Rwanda Gender Equality Policies in education to The Girl’s employment opportunities
Emmanuel Niyonzima, Protestant university of Rwanda.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16209577 | Page 01 to 31
Abstract
Education is widely recognized as crucial for promoting gender equality and empowering women. It is a fundamental right that can equip individuals with the necessary knowledge, skills, and resources to challenge societal norms, advocate for their rights, and actively participate in economic, social, and political spheres. While education has the potential to empower women, it can also unintentionally perpetuate gender gaps if not carefully evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Rwanda’s policies on girls’ education on women’s employment prospects. Both primary and secondary were used in this study. A total of 384 young females aged 18-35 were surveyed by using structured questionnaires. Data has shown that girls educations policies play a direct role in promoting female employment, as there is a 0.45-unit increase in Female Employment Promotion (FEP) for every one-unit increase in the Policy Implementation Index. Providing better educational opportunities and vocational training for girls is a key factor in creating a more skilled and competitive female workforce, resulting in higher levels of FEP. Furthermore, raising awareness of gender equality rights has a positive effect on FEP. On the other hand, traditional cultural norms that limit women’s roles have a negative impact on FEP. The study recommended that the government heighten awareness among public and private entities to support women’s employment and bolster girls’ education in educational institutions. Additionally, legislation promoting girls’ education and employment should be enacted to further strengthen gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Keywords: Rwanda girl’s education policies, girl’s employment opportunities, Awareness of Gender Equality Rights and girl’s educational attainment.
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A REVIEW OF DRINKING WATER-HEALTH LINKAGE: IMPLICATION FOR SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH SECTORS
Ali-Musa, O. Hamdallah, Department of Science and Environmental Education, University of Abuja, Abuja-Nigerian.
Ibrahim, O. Ilyas, Department of Science and Environmental Education, University of Abuja, Abuja-Nigerian.
Aliyu, O. Fatimah, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alhikmah University, Ilorin Kwara.
Aliyu, E. Rahma, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Alhikmah University, Ilorin Kwara State-Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16420245 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
This is a review of the offline journal publication titled: “Drinking Water-Health Linkage: Implication for Educational Development” by Ali Musa Hamdallah publish in the Nigerian base journal titled Journal of Educational Innovators. This review sought to include the public health implications of the research. Nature of water is affected by the presence, extent and types of mineral found in it. The objective of this paper is to draw the attention of educational stakeholders to the importance of considering nature of water as a school science subject topic. Water found in different parts of Nigerian environments is chemically different from one another and thus the questions examined are: What are the implications of these differences? How are these differences incorporated in the national curriculum? What is the health implications of the drinking water found in our environment? The methodology employed in this study is a case study where a social unit is studied under diversifies conditions. The data gathering technique was observation. It also employed ex-post-facto research design. One of the conclusions arrived at was that the nature of drinking water can be linked to poor/good health. The implications and recommendations were indicated.
KEYWORDS: de-mineralized, re-mineralized, organic/inorganic minerals, useful ions and nature of water
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STRIKES AND WORK STOPPAGES: THE INFLUENCE ON THE NIGERIAN PUBLIC SECTOR PERFORMANCE
ARINZE Stephen Emeka, Department of Business Administration, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam.
Jakpa Grace Ufuoma, Department of Office Information Management, Southern Delta University, Ozoro.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16456361 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
In their quest for improved working conditions, Nigerian public sector workers now have no other option than to go on strike and engage in work stoppages; this explains why public sector workers in Nigeria frequently go on strikes and engage in work stoppages. This study therefore examined how strikes and work stoppages could affect the Nigerian public sector performance. The theoretical underpinning was on the Max Weber’s social action theory and survey research design was employed. A total of three hundred and twenty (328) employees in selected ministries and parastatals in Nigeria were used and data collection instrument is the questionnaire, which was administered to the employees of the selected ministries and parastatals. Multiple regression estimation technique was employed and findings indicated a significant negative relationship between strikes, work stoppages and performance of public sector in Nigeria. Hence, the study concludes that strikes and work stoppages account for the poor performance of the Nigerian public sector. On the basis of this, the study recommends that Nigerian public sector employees’ employment circumstances should only be discussed through collective bargaining mechanisms, according to the government; also, after collective bargaining with workers represented by their unions, the government should adopt the mindset of upholding the collective agreements it voluntarily signed. Finally, the government needs to give better working conditions and employees’ welfare in Nigeria’s public sector more careful consideration.
Keywords: Strikes, Lockouts, Work stoppages, Conflicts, Industrial actions, Public sector
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For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
THE ROLE OF ETHICAL LEADERSHIP IN BUILDING TRUST BETWEEN THE SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE SERVICE AND COMMUNITIES
Dr. John Motsamai Modise, South African Police Service.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/16523897 | Page 01 to 26
Abstract
This study explores the critical role of ethical leadership within the South African Police Service (SAPS) and its influence on building and sustaining trust between the police and the diverse communities they serve. It aims to identify leadership practices that enhance legitimacy and public confidence while addressing the challenges impeding ethical conduct. Despite policy frameworks emphasizing accountability and ethical policing, SAPS continues to face significant public trust deficits, driven largely by perceived leadership failures, corruption, and misconduct. This eroded trust undermines effective policing and community cooperation, posing risks to social stability and democratic governance. The research reveals that ethical leadership characterized by transparency, accountability, integrity, and community engagementis central to restoring trust. However, gaps exist between ethical standards and actual leadership behavior within SAPS. Furthermore, inadequate training, weak disciplinary mechanisms, and limited community involvement hinder ethical leadership’s effectiveness. This study contributes to the discourse on police reform by highlighting ethical leadership as a foundational pillar for improving police-community relations in South Africa. It integrates perspectives from recent literature and empirical insights to offer practical recommendations for leadership development, policy enhancement, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Restoring trust in SAPS requires a deliberate and sustained commitment to ethical leadership at all organizational levels. By embedding ethical principles into recruitment, training, accountability systems, and community partnerships, SAPS can transform its image and effectiveness. This study underscores that ethical leadership is indispensable for democratic policing, justice, and societal safety in South Africa.
KEYWORDS: Ethical Leadership, South African Police Service (SAPS), Police-Community Trust, Police Legitimacy, Police Accountability, Community Policing, Public Trust in Law Enforcement, Police Reform, Leadership Ethics, emocratic Policing, Police Conduct, Community Engagement.
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For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
