Physicochemical Analysis of Contents of Some Bottled and Sachet Water Sold in Abuja Municipal Area and Environs, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria

Abstract: Potable water needs to meet specific set guidelines, as its quality is just as critical as its accessibility. Water purification entails both chemical and physical disinfection methods. Notable amongst them includes the utilization of chlorine-based compounds like chlorine dioxide and inorganic chloramines, which remain essential for effective water purification. This study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties of some selected pre-packaged water sold in Abuja and environs so as to compare to standards established by the World Health Organization. A total of eight distinct brands of bottled and five sachet water brands were anonymously bought from shops at random within Abuja and environs. These samples were obtained in their original sealed packing, as provided by the producers. Additionally, the raw water source used in the manufacturing of these brands were voluntarily supplied. Organoleptic test and physicochemical test which include Total Hardness, Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, Total Dissolved Substances (TDS), Alkalinity, Acidity, Percent of Dissolved Oxygen (%DO2), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) were conducted. Results obtained for organoleptic property test shows that 20% of the samples failed the test. Results of the physicochemical test shows that ten (10) samples had Biochemical Oxygen Demand value which was higher than the WHO limit for portable water. The two brands BW009 and BW010 that were processed using reverse osmosis method had the least levels of TDS and BOD. Only one sample failed the pH test. The majority of sachet water brands failed the physicochemical test, revealing significant quality concerns. Additionally, none of the brands complied with labeling standards, as they failed to indicate essential details such as production and expiration dates on the sachet. The study further indicates that activated carbon filtration and reverse osmosis are more effective for removing water contaminants.