AFRICAN FEMININITY AND THE TRAJECTORY OF LOVE AND VIOLENCE: CONTEMPORARY REALITIES AND RESPONSES IN SELECTED AFRICAN NOVELS
PROFESSOR INI UKO, DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH UNIVERSITY OF UYO P.M.B. 1017 UYO – NIGERIA.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19842670 | Page 01 to 25
Abstract
World cultures and their peoples have undergone diverse schisms which directly and indirectly challenge and upset the systems, and wreck the economies of many families, groups and nations. These developments have consequently imposed profound concerns, or intensified previous ones on governments, non-governmental agencies, groups and individuals, and have opened up a vista of reactions, many of which are of literary significance. A major form of reaction is violence. This paper is interested in the actions that constitute violence that women react against. It is also curious about the forms of women’s responses. Accordingly, the paper focuses on the applicability of the different perceptions of violence that are depicted in African literature, and specifically examines how femininity is affected by violence within the context of love, as well as the various reactions of the subject/victim. Deploying the qualitative methodology to appraise femininity at the convergence of love and violence, or violence-in-love, as captured in Nawal El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero, Ama Ata Aidoo’s Changes: A Love Story, and Chimamanda Adichie’s Purple Hibiscus, the study establishes that the contemporary woman, unlike her foremothers, is equipped with the strategies as well as appropriate dispositions and the determination to take action, thereby debunking the age-long perceptions of African femininity as passive, weak, docile, willingly subservient and manipulable.
Keywords: Femininity, Violence, Love, Realities and Responses
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BIOLOGY TEACHERS’ AFFECTIVE VARIABLES AS PREDICTORS OF JOB PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS OF LAGOS STATE, NIGERIA: A PATH ANALYTICAL APPROACH
Aina Idowu Morola, Department of Science and Technology Education (STED) Olabisi Onabanjo University.
Afuwape. O Moses, Department of Science and Technology Education (STED) Olabisi Onabanjo University.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19795297 | Page 01 to 26
Abstract
Biology as a natural science is important for inculcating in students the skills for management of natural resources, provision of good health facilities for the people, supply of adequate food and favourable environment. Despite the importance of Biology to students’ academic social and economic developments, students’ achievements in Biology at the Senior School Certificate Examinations as conducted by both the West African Examinations Council (WAEC) and National Examinations Council (NECO) are still not satisfactory as indicated by chief examiners’ reports of the examination bodies. Research studies as well have been focused on students, teacher, home, school, and environmental factors that can improve students’ achievement in school subjects. However, most of the studies in this direction investigated these teacher factors as they influence or predict students’ achievement. Only a handful of studies especially in the African climate have studied factors that could influence teachers’ job performance. Among the few studies the dominant approach has been the correlation of one or two variables with teachers’ job performance, and these studies are scarce in the field of Biology. There is therefore need for more research attention to be drawn to teachers’ job performance, using several variables and methods that can provide causal linkages among the variables.
This study adopted a correlation survey research design. The targeted population comprised all Biology teachers in public secondary schools in Lagos State and the sample comprises five hundred Biology teachers, which was selected using multi-stage sampling procedure. The instruments used are Teachers Job Performance Scale (r= 0.859), Emotional Intelligence Scale (r= 0.867), Stress Management Questionnaire (r= 0.786), Teachers’ Social Ability Scale (r= 0.625), The Teaching Anxiety Scale II, Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (r= 0.606), Teacher Self-motivation Scale (r= 0.632), and Teacher Expectations Inventory (r= 0.654). Data analysis was carried using Path Analysis on AMOS software to answer the research questions
The result shows that the empirical data fits the hypothesized model showing the causal linkages among seven teacher factors and job performance. Job performance has a positive and non-significant relationship with Anxiety and Self-motivation; negative and non-significant relationship with emotional intelligence, Self-Efficacy and Expectation. However, job performance has a negative and significant with Stress Management and Social Ability.
Recommendations were made to highlight the role of Government, Authorities of secondary schools and other stakeholders in ensuring that teachers perform at the highest level to improve the quality of education.
Keywords: Job performance, Teachers’ affective factors, Path analysis
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ECOWAS at 50: Navigating the Crossroads of Economic Integration and Institutional Fragmentation
Polycap Mudoh, Institute of Political Science and security studies University of Szczecin.
Isah Ibn-Mohammed, Department of Social Sciences and Humanities Federal Polytechnic, Idah.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19692760 | Page 01 to 26
Abstract
As the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) marked its 50th anniversary in May 2025, the bloc faces unprecedented challenges threatening its foundational goals of regional integration. This study examines ECOWAS’s trajectory from a cooperative economic and security framework to its current crossroads, marked by the recent withdrawal of Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger to form the Alliance of Sahel States (AES). Drawing on neo-functionalism and regional security complex theory, this qualitative research analyzes the historical evolution of ECOWAS integration policies, particularly the Protocol on Free Movement, and contrasts this with the contemporary fragmentation driven by political instability, security challenges and military coups. The findings suggest that while historical integration yielded economic and social dividends, the recent disintegration severely undermines regional security and economic cohesion. Ultimately, ECOWAS must urgently reevaluate its diplomatic and institutional frameworks to navigate this crisis and prevent further fragmentation in West Africa.
Keywords: ECOWAS, integration, disintegration, AES, Neo-functionalism, institutional fragmentation
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PROFILE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, QUALITY MANAGEMENT, AND COMPETENCE OF PRINCIPALS IN SARAWAK
Siti Nazalia Kiprawi, University of Malaya.
Ahmad Zabidi Abdul Razak, University of Malaya.
Megat Ahmad Kamaluddin, University of Malaya.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19692306 | Page 01 to 22
Abstract
This study examines the profile of emotional intelligence, quality management, and competence of principals in Sarawak. The sample used 152 principals from all types of schools. data was collected using questionnaires developed from the Malaysian Emotional Intelligence Inventory (MEQI) and Malaysian Competitiveness Standards (SKKSM). The analysis technique used is Mann Whitney U for gender and Kruskal Wallis-H for age and experience. The test results found that gender is significantly related to emotional intelligence (z = 0.043, p < .05) and competence (z = 0.025, p < .05) but does not have a significant relationship with quality management (z = 0.200, p > .05). In addition, the findings also show that different ages have a significant difference in terms of quality management (χ2= 10.072, p < .05), but there is no significant difference in emotional intelligence (χ2 = 6.997, p > .05), and competence (χ2= 3.571, p > .05). For the experience of students, the findings of the study show that different periods of experience for chi square (5, N = 152) do not have a significant level of difference in terms of emotional intelligence (χ2= 3.957, p > .05), quality management (χ2 = 2.507 p > .05), and leadership competence (χ2= 2.590 p > .05). In conclusion, it can be concluded that there is a difference in the level of emotional intelligence and competence for gender, but there is no difference in quality management. In addition, different ages have different levels in terms of quality management but do not have different levels in terms of emotional intelligence and competence. Based on experience, different periods of experience do not have different levels of emotional intelligence, quality management, and leadership competence.
Keywords: emotional intelligence, competence, quality management, principal
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Complex Research Review on Environmental Risk Management of Soil Microplastic Contamination: Treatment Technologies and Global Perspectives
Baoxin Zhang, Key Laboratory of Bio-Efficient Utilization of Carbon Compounds in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the Xinjiang Synthetic Biology Industry Innovation Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Yili, China.
Hailei Zhang, Yili Weining Biology Co., Ltd, Yili,835007, China.
Li Zhu, Yili Chuan Ning Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yili,835007, China.
Xiang Weng, Yili Chuan Ning Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yili,835007, China.
Hao Sun, Yili Chuan Ning Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yili,835007, China.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19660481 | Page 01 to 34
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) contamination in soil environments has emerged as a critical global environmental challenge, posing significant risks to ecosystem integrity, agricultural productivity, and human health. This comprehensive review synthesizes recent advances (2020-2025) in understanding the complex environmental risks associated with soil microplastic pollution and critically evaluates emerging treatment technologies across physical, chemical, and biological domains. We systematically analyze the sources, occurrence patterns, and physicochemical characteristics of microplastics in agricultural and natural soils, highlighting the intricate migration pathways and transformation mechanisms governing their environmental behavior. The review provides an in-depth assessment of ecotoxicological effects, encompassing impacts on soil physical structure, chemical properties, biological communities, and plant-soil interactions. A critical evaluation of treatment technologies reveals that advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including photocatalytic degradation, Fenton-based systems, and electrochemical oxidation, demonstrate removal efficiencies ranging from 60% to over 99%, while biological approaches utilizing specialized microorganisms and enzymatic systems offer sustainable alternatives with lower environmental footprints. We further examine country-specific research contributions from China, Germany, the United States, Japan, and Spain, identifying distinct research focuses and collaborative networks that shape the global research landscape. Despite significant technological progress, critical knowledge gaps persist regarding long-term ecological consequences, cost-effectiveness at field scale, and standardization of analytical and treatment protocols. This review identifies future research priorities, emphasizing the need for integrated treatment systems, life cycle assessment frameworks, and policy interventions to effectively mitigate soil microplastic contamination. The findings provide essential guidance for researchers, policymakers, and environmental engineers working toward sustainable solutions for soil microplastic pollution.
Keywords: Soil microplastics; Environmental risk; Remediation technology; Advanced oxidation processes; Ecotoxicology; Global research trends
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Microplastics in the Human Gastrointestinal System: A Comprehensive Study of Metabolic Risks and Digestive ToxicityImplications for Nanomedicine and Bioengineering Applications
Baoxin Zhang, Key Laboratory of Bio-Efficient Utilization of Carbon Compounds in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and the Xinjiang Synthetic Biology Industry Innovation Institute of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Yili, China.
Hailei Zhang, Yili Weining Biology Co., Ltd, Yili,835007, China.
Li Zhu, Yili Chuan Ning Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yili,835007, China.
Xiang Weng, Yili Chuan Ning Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yili,835007, China.
Hao Sun, Yili Chuan Ning Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yili,835007, China.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19660158 | Page 01 to 31
Abstract
The pervasive contamination of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) in the environment has emerged as a critical public health concern, with the gastrointestinal (GI) tract being the primary route of human exposure. This comprehensive review synthesizes current knowledge on the metabolic risks and toxicological mechanisms of microplastic-induced GI system damage, drawing from recent studies conducted across Spain, Germany, China, Japan, and the United States. Microplastics have been detected in 94-98% of human fecal samples and accumulate at higher concentrations in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. The review elucidates multiple molecular mechanisms underlying GI toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, intestinal barrier disruption, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and metabolic dysfunction. Size-dependent toxicity analysis reveals that smaller particles (20-100 nm) exhibit significantly higher intestinal toxicity compared to larger counterparts. Furthermore, the disruption of tight junction proteins and activation of the NF-kappaB/NLRP3 signaling pathway have been identified as critical mechanisms mediating microplastic-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction. This review highlights significant research gaps, including the need for standardized detection methods, long-term exposure studies at environmentally relevant concentrations, and therapeutic interventions. The findings underscore the urgent need for policy development and regulatory frameworks to address microplastic contamination and protect public health.
Keywords: Microplastics; Nanoplastics; Gastrointestinal tract; Gut microbiota; Intestinal barrier; Oxidative stress; Inflammation; Colorectal cancer; Metabolic risk; Nanomedicine
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REACHING EVERY CHILD: INTEGRATING AUTISM AWARENESS INTO SUNBEAM MISSIONS
Yemisi Abigail Joseph, The Way of Victory Baptist Church, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19648031 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
This study examines the importance of integrating autism awareness into Sunbeam missions to promote inclusive children’s ministry within the church. It recognizes that children, particularly those with autism spectrum disorder, experience differences in communication, social interaction, behavior, and sensory processing that can affect their participation in ministry activities. The study highlights the need for intentional, supportive strategies, such as teacher training, structured routines, sensory-friendly environments, individualized instruction, adapted teaching methods, and strong collaboration with families, to ensure effective engagement of all children. It further emphasizes the role of Sunbeam Ministry in fostering early Christian formation through inclusive practices that welcome every child regardless of ability. Ultimately, the study concludes that integrating autism awareness into Sunbeam missions is both an educational and spiritual responsibility, as it enables full participation in the Gospel message while also strengthening empathy, unity, and inclusion within the church community.
Keywords: Child. Autism Awareness and Sunbeam Missions
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Compressed Stabilised Earth Brick strength development
Kachalla Mohammed, Professor, Faculty of Engineering, Civil and Water Resources Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Umar Abdulkadir Jidda, Research associates, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19640745 | Page 01 to 31
Abstract
Mudbricks have been used in shelter construction for decades and are from a mixture of clayed material and water sometimes mixed with other binders with pozzolanic properties. Over 30% of the world’s populace live in earthen structures, which is substantial though faced with strength and durability challenges especially. To salvage these challenges, an understudy was carried out to identify the local stabilization techniques adopted in some selected local government areas and how best to improve the practice while considering global standards. This study explores additional strength stabilizers (cement) in the existing local practice and comparatively analyses the strength and other vital behaviors between Stabilized Earth Brick (SEB) and Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB). The CSEB’s strength properties reveal that the location with higher clay content, where the sand was not added fails to yield the desired result while the location with sand stabilization shows otherwise. Similarly, Jere soil with 12.2% clay content higher than the upper clay threshold fails the Nigerian building code requirement but the lateritic soil satisfactorily performs much better with the 5% cement stabilization, and this led to sand stabilization index development for soil with clay content above the recommended threshold.
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THE ROLE OF SUNBEAM AS A MODEL OF INFLUENCE FOR MENTORING THE NEXT GENERATION
Yemisi Abigail Joseph, The Way of Victory Baptist Church, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19633640 | Page 01 to 11
Abstract
The moral decline, identity confusion, and weakening spiritual commitment among children have highlighted the urgent need for intentional mentorship within the church. Children’s ministries, particularly the Sunbeam unit, provide strategic platforms for shaping young members’ character, values, and faith during early childhood, a critical stage for spiritual and moral formation. Sunbeam leaders serve not only as instructors but also as influential role models whose conduct, attitudes, and interactions directly shape children’s holistic development. This study explores the role of Sunbeam leaders as models of influence in mentoring the next generation, examining the nature of Sunbeam Ministry, the leadership practices of Sunbeam leaders, and their impact on children’s spiritual and moral development. Additionally, the study considers the future of the church and the broader societal implications of effective mentorship, highlighting the significance of role modeling, guidance, and relational engagement in nurturing spiritually grounded and socially responsible future leaders.
Keywords: Sunbeam, Influence, Mentoring and Next Generation
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INTEGRATING PRAYER AND WORSHIP IN SUNBEAM PROGRAMS
Yemisi Abigail Joseph, The Way of Victory Baptist Church, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19633387 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
This study explores the integration of prayer and worship into Sunbeam programs as a key aspect of children’s ministry, highlighting its role in early childhood spiritual formation. Sunbeam programs are designed to support the holistic growth of children, encompassing spiritual, moral, social, and emotional development. Prayer and worship practices foster a personal relationship with God, promote moral and character formation, and strengthen children’s sense of belonging within the faith community. The study underscores the biblical and theological basis for these practices, referencing Proverbs 22:6, Matthew 19:14, and Deuteronomy 6:4–7, and examines developmentally appropriate methods such as structured routines, guided prayers, action-oriented songs, story-based activities, and teacher modeling. Challenges, including limited attention span, abstract concepts, and resource constraints, are also discussed. Findings indicate that intentional integration of prayer and worship nurtures spiritually mature, morally grounded, and socially engaged children, contributing to lifelong faith and holistic spiritual development.
Keywords: Sunbeam programs, children’s ministry, prayer and worship
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REVISITING THE DOCTRINE OF SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE IN THE NIGERIAN BAPTIST CONVENTION: A CONTEXTUAL AND THEOLOGICAL APPRAISAL IN A RELIGIOUSLY PLURAL SOCIETY
SAMUEL AYANTOYE ALABI, Pastor, First Baptist Church, 56/70 Ojo Road, Ajegunle, Apapa, Lagos Postgraduate Student, Department of Administration and Leadership, Faculty of Education, Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, Ogbomoso.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19633240 | Page 01 to 12
Abstract
This paper examines the doctrine of separation of church and state within the Nigerian Baptist Convention (NBC) and evaluates its theological significance and contextual relevance in Nigeria’s religiously plural society. Historically, the Baptist tradition has emphasized the separation of church and state as a safeguard for religious liberty, freedom of conscience, and the autonomy of the local church. Rooted in the struggles of early Baptist leaders such as Thomas Helwys and Roger Williams, the doctrine sought to prevent both state control of the church and ecclesiastical domination of the state. However, the Nigerian socio-religious context – characterized by the strong influence of Christianity and Islam in public life and the integration of religion and governance within Islamic political thought – presents significant challenges to the classical Baptist interpretation of this doctrine. Using historical-theological analysis and contextual reflection, this study explores the origins of the Baptist doctrine of church-state separation, its transmission into the Nigerian context through missionary influence, and the tensions it creates in Nigeria’s multi-religious political environment. The paper identifies key challenges faced by the Nigerian Baptist Convention, including political marginalization, religious competition in the public sphere, and the misinterpretation of church-state separation as total political disengagement by Christians. Drawing on biblical teachings such as Matthew 22:21, Romans 13:1-7, and Matthew 5:13-16, the study argues that the doctrine does not require withdrawal from civic responsibility but rather promotes institutional independence while encouraging responsible Christian participation in governance. The paper further outlines the state’s responsibilities toward religious communities, including protecting religious liberty, ensuring equal treatment of all faith traditions, refraining from establishing a state religion, and respecting church autonomy. The study concludes that the Nigerian Baptist Convention should neither abandon the doctrine of church-state separation nor reinterpret it in the Nigerian context. Still, it should instead reinterpret it to encourage civic responsibility, prophetic engagement, and interreligious coexistence while maintaining Baptist theological convictions. Such a contextual approach will enable the church to remain faithful to its heritage while contributing constructively to Nigeria’s socio-political transformation.
Keywords: church-state separation; Nigerian Baptist Convention; religious liberty; freedom of conscience; civic engagement; religious pluralism; Baptist theology
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AI-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ENGINE DIAGNOSTICS.
Saravanan Venkadasalam, Singapore Polytechnic.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19627390 | Page 01 to 25
Abstract
Effective fault diagnosis is essential for the safe and efficient operation of marine slow-speed diesel engines. Readily accessible diagnostic tools are crucial for maritime engineers to maintain these complex systems. Traditional development of such tools often depends on extensive manual knowledge elicitation from experts, a time-consuming and resource-intensive process. This research investigates the automated generation of a fault-finding system using simulated data, leveraging the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) and diagramming tools.
The objective is to automate the development of a diagnostic system for marine diesel engines, eliminating the need for manual expert input. The study addresses the inefficiencies of traditional methods by demonstrating the feasibility of using LLMs and diagramming tools to generate diagnostic logic directly from simulated engine fault data. By automating knowledge extraction, logic generation, and visualization, this approach aims to create a more efficient and consistent method for developing diagnostic tools.
Using the Kongsberg engine room simulator, a comprehensive dataset of fault scenarios was generated. Simulated faults—such as piston ring wear and fuel valve choking—were linked to changes in key engine parameters (e.g., SPEED, INDEX,
MIP). These data were used to generate prompts for an LLM, which produced diagnostic rules and decision logic. The logic was then translated into visual diagrams using tools like Mermaid.js and PlantUML. Automated evaluation against the simulated data assessed the system’s diagnostic accuracy.
The results demonstrated that the automated process could generate a comprehensive and accurate fault-finding system. The system effectively captured relationships between fault conditions and parameter changes, significantly reducing development time and effort compared to traditional methods. The consistency and clarity of the generated diagrams enhanced usability, and the high fault identification rate validated the approach’s effectiveness.
This research highlights the potential of AI-assisted automation to transform diagnostic tool development in maritime engineering. The approach offers substantial benefits in efficiency, consistency, and scalability. Future work will incorporate real-world engine data and structured participant feedback to enhance robustness and generalizability. The methodology also lays the groundwork for benchmarking against expert-developed systems and integrating probabilistic reasoning and explainable AI (XAI) to improve transparency and interpretability. This technology holds promise not only for operational diagnostics but also for educational applications and broader adoption in other complex technical domains.
Keywords: Automated Fault Diagnosis, Large Language Models (LLMs), Marine Diesel Engines, Simulation, Diagram Generation
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A Corpus-Based Study of Academic Writing Patterns Among EFL Learners
Laiba Sarfraz, Mphil Scholar, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan.
Faiza Afzal, MPhil Scholar, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan.
Subhan Habib, MPhil Scholar, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan.
Dr. Abrar Hussain Qureshi, Department of English language and literature, University of Sahiwal, Pakistan.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19601835 | Page 01 to 24
Abstract
English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners face persistent challenges in producing academically acceptable written texts. While pedagogical interventions exist, empirical evidence on systematic patterns of lexico-grammatical and rhetorical features in learner corpora remains limited. This study investigates the academic writing patterns of Saudi EFL learners at the university level, focusing on lexical bundles, collocational errors, and rhetorical organization. A specialized corpus of 200 argumentative essays (approximately 85,000 words) was compiled from intermediate to advanced EFL learners. Using AntConc and LancsBox, frequency lists, keyword analysis, and concordance lines were generated. The corpus was compared against the British Academic Written English (BAWE) corpus as a reference. Findings reveal three dominant patterns: (1) over-reliance on high-frequency lexical bundles (e.g., on the other hand, as a result, in my opinion), often misused in formal contexts; (2) significant collocational deviations, particularly verb-noun (e.g., make a research instead of do/conduct research) and adjective-noun combinations: and (3) rhetorical patterns showing topic-fronting and informal discourse markers absent in native academic writing. EFL learners systematically transfer spoken discourse features and L1 rhetorical structures into academic writing. The study recommends explicit corpus-informed instruction targeting collocational precision and register awareness.
Keywords: corpus linguistics, academic writing, EFL learners, learner corpus research, lexical bundles, collocational errors
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THE STRUCTURAL POWER OF THE MIDDLE CLASS AND STATE CAPACITY: A CAUSAL ANALYSIS FROM SOCIOECONOMIC STRATIFICATION TO FOREIGN POLICY PERFORMANCE
Dr. Sıddık Arslan, Deputy Secretary General of Erzurum Metropolitan Municipality, Türkiye.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19590812 | Page 01 to 152
Abstract
This study examines the causal relationship between socioeconomic stratification, the structural power of the middle class, state capacity, and foreign policy performance from an interdisciplinary perspective. While the international relations literature typically explains state behavior through systemic variables and leadership preferences, the structural impact of domestic social configurations—particularly class dynamics—on foreign policy has remained insufficiently theorized. This study aims to fill that analytical gap by positioning the middle class as a foundational mediating variable between state capacity and foreign policy performance.
The analytical framework rests upon a multilayered causal chain formulated as: socioeconomic stratification → structural power of the middle class → state capacity → foreign policy performance. This chain operates through three core mechanisms: the fiscal channel, through which a broad and taxable middle class strengthens the state’s financial capacity; the administrative-bureaucratic channel, through which an educated and professionally specialized middle class enhances bureaucratic quality and diplomatic capacity; and the legitimacy-stability channel, through which an institutionally integrated middle class generates political predictability and public legitimacy.
Drawing on qualitative research traditions, the study offers a conceptual and causal analysis that synthesizes comparative historical-sociological inferences, political economy theory, and foreign policy analysis. The findings reveal that societies with a broad, capable, and institutionally integrated middle class demonstrate significantly stronger state capacity, which in turn enhances foreign policy performance in terms of strategic consistency, international credibility, and long-term influence. Conversely, in contexts where the middle class has contracted or become precarious, fiscal vulnerability, bureaucratic capacity deficits, and legitimacy erosion deepen simultaneously, resulting in foreign policy inconsistency and a loss of international credibility. By synthesizing political economy, comparative politics, and international relations literatures around the concept of the middle class, this study subjects the “black-box state” assumption to structural critique and places the societal foundations of state capacity at the analytical center.
Keywords: middle class, state capacity, foreign policy performance, socioeconomic stratification, fiscal capacity, bureaucratic capacity, legitimacy
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Artificial Intelligence and the Changing Character of Violence: A Comparative Analysis of Security Dynamics in the United Kingdom and Africa
Anya Adebayo, ANYA, Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife.
Akinwale Victor, ISHOLA, Department of Peace, Security and Humanitarian Studies, University of Ibadan.
Kelechi Adura, Computer science, Landmark University Omu-Aran Nigeria.
ANYA, Eke Kehinde ANYA, Scottish Power Headquarters, Glasgow.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19589742 | Page 01 to 13
Abstract
The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the modern system of security is gradually transforming and reshaping the nature of violence in the global contexts. Although AI is perceived as a technologically neutral innovation, the security of AI is highly contextualized by political, institutional, and regulatory contexts. This paper compares the intersection of AI with the dynamics of security in the United Kingdom and African states with a specific focus on defence, intelligence, policing, counterterrorism, and the overall system of governance. Based on theoretical arguments about remote warfare, algorithmic governance, surveillance-based security, and hybrid threats, the paper posits that AI alters the actor, means, and space of violence in a manner that looks beyond the traditional kinetic warfare. The analysis unveils that the United Kingdom introduces AI in relatively advanced technological systems and unified frameworks of regulations, which are supported by civilian governance and ethical control systems. By comparison, AI implementation in most African settings is realized in settings characterized by unequal institutional capacity, externality to technologies and less robust regulatory protection. Such disparities define contrasting security performances, even in the case of similar technologies used. Regardless of these distinctions, both scenarios are characterized by common weaknesses such as the problem of algorithmic bias, lack of accountability, and the decentralization of AI abilities to non-state actors. Nonetheless, the impacts of these risks are uneven, and the vulnerability of governance in most of the African contexts increases the possibility of abuse and authoritarianism supported by AI. The paper concludes that AI is not only a technical tool but a force-shifting technology the effects of which on violence depend on the context. The study therefore recommends increased equitable global AI governance as well as enhanced UK-Africa collaboration based on ethical principles, institutional capacity development, and context-specific security implementations.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Violence
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Feasibility and Outcomes of Social Enterprise Models to Enhance Financial Sustainability in Kenyan Health Systems: A Systematic Review
Evans Okemwa Achuti, School of Business and Economics, Kisii University, Kisii County, Kenya.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19565506 | Page 01 to 33
Abstract
This systematic review evaluates the feasibility and outcomes of social enterprise models in Kenyan health systems as mechanisms to enhance financial sustainability by combining social missions with revenue generation. A comprehensive search of databases and grey literature focusing on Kenya and similar settings was conducted. Two independent reviewers screened and extracted data on regulatory, governance, infrastructure, stakeholder, and economic factors, resolving discrepancies by consensus. Methodological quality was assessed using standardized tools, and findings were synthesized narratively following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, informed by resource dependence and institutional theory within a social enterprise framework. The results show that implementing social enterprises in Kenya is feasible but depends on enabling institutional environments. Fragmented policies limit operational flexibility, and infrastructural deficits restrict scalability, with only 58% of facilities supporting innovative financing. Weak governance affects strategic coherence, with approximately 40% of enterprises struggling to maintain direction. Economic volatility, including 5.7% annual inflation, threatens revenue stability. Reported benefits include improved healthcare access, enhanced operational efficiency, and progress toward financial autonomy. While community participation fosters local legitimacy, 65% of enterprises face challenges mobilizing local resources without external aid. Overall, social enterprises can strengthen the resilience of the Kenyan health system; however, a sustained impact requires regulatory harmonization, infrastructure investment, stronger governance, robust partnerships, and the integration of digital health innovations to address systemic disruptions.
Keywords: Social enterprise models, financial sustainability, Community participation, Healthcare accessibility, Operational efficiency, financial autonomy.
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DEPRESSION AMONG WORKING MEN IN VICTORIA FALLS: IMPLICATIONS FOR MENTAL HEALTH INTERVENTIONS
Bhiri Kuziwa, Department of and Counselling, Zimbabwe Open University.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19564831 | Page 01 to 29
Abstract
This study explored the lived experiences of depression among working men in Victoria Falls, with particular attention to its implications for mental health intervention. The objectives were to examine the psychosocial factors contributing to depression, understand how working men perceive and cope with the condition, and identify culturally relevant strategies for intervention. A qualitative research design was employed, utilizing in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with purposively selected participants across various workplaces. The data were thematically analysed, revealing key issues such as financial stressors, job insecurity, alcohol use as a coping mechanism, stigma surrounding mental health, and limited access to counselling services. Findings highlighted that depression among working men often remains hidden due to cultural expectations of masculinity, leading to delayed help-seeking and worsening psychological distress. The study recommends the integration of workplace-based mental health programs, community awareness campaigns to reduce stigma, and the development of gender-sensitive counselling interventions tailored to men’s specific needs. These insights contribute to localized understanding and provide a foundation for more effective mental health interventions in Zimbabwean urban contexts.
Keywords: Depression, working men, Victoria Falls, qualitative research, stigma, mental health interventions.
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TOPSOIL CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROCARBON IMPACTED AREAS IN GOKANA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA
Agbiyaowei, Diepreye Collins, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
MeeluBari Barinua Tsaro Kpang, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Dappa, Daddy Ibiewotogha, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Mmom, Prince Chinedu, Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19556521 | Page 01 to 24
Abstract
This study evaluated the physico-chemical characteristics and the spatial variation in heavy metals and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) concentration in the topsoils across five hydrocarbon impacted communities (Mogho, B-Dere, K-Dere, Bomu, and Bodo) in Gokana. Local Government Area. The experimental research design was deployed as direct field measurement involving collection of soil samples from the impacted sites. The soil samples were collected at (0-15cm) at the respective locations whereas ANOVA and the one sample t-tests were used for data analyses. One-way ANOVA revealed significant spatial differences (p < 0.05) in all heavy metals analyzed. For Pb, the F-statistic was 8.42 (p = 0.000), with Bodo and Bomu showing the highest concentrations (group “a”), while B-Dere had the lowest (group “c”). Similar trends were observed for Cd (F = 5.27, p = 0.002), Cr (F = 7.63, p = 0.000), Ni (F = 6.91, p = 0.001), Cu (F = 9.11, p = 0.000), and Zn (F = 10.34, p = 0.000), indicating site-specific contamination patterns. Post hoc Duncan tests confirmed that Bodo and Bomu consistently recorded the highest contamination levels for most metals. For TPH, concentrations exceeded the DPR target value of 50 mg/kg at all locations, ranging from 60.20 ± 7.21 mg/kg in Mogho to 98.52 ± 34.31 mg/kg in Bomu. One-sample t-tests showed significant differences between site means and the DPR target (p < 0.05). For example, Mogho (t = 10.20, p = 0.000) and B-Dere (t = 11.50, p = 0.002) recorded moderate exceedances (20–23%), whereas K-Dere (t = 32.65, p = 0.000), Bodo (t = 34.50, p = 0.000), and Bomu (t = 48.52, p = 0.001) exhibited much higher levels (65–97% above the target). The result revealed spatial heterogeneity in hydrocarbon distribution and the elevated levels present long-term ecological risks, which include soil fertility decline and potential bioaccumulation in food crops. Consequent upon the findings, remediation, compliance monitoring, and sustainable oil spill management strategies in the study area were recommended.
Keywords: Remediation, Ecological Risk, Compliance, Pollutants, Bioaccumulation
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MULTIVARIATE FUNCTIONAL DATA ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION TO GROWTH CURVES
Ortese Collins Aondona, Joseph Sarwuan Tarkaa University, Makurdi – Nigeria.
Nwaosu Chigozie Sylvester, Joseph Sarwuan Tarkaa University, Makurdi – Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19556354 | Page 01 to 31
Abstract
Functional data are high dimensional data recorded continuously during a time interval at discrete time points. Statistical methods for analyzing functional data have been widely studied; however, dependent functional data that exhibit additional complex features such as time or contemporaneous dependence, stochastic volatility, jumps or rapid-changing smoothness, sparsely or irregular with non-negligible error is a challenge in existing methods. In this article, a proposed nonparametric approach to analyzing functional data that includes a variety of such complexities is used to analyze growth trajectories. The monthly weight of children registered and receiving immunization at Bishop Murray Medical Centre, Makurdi for a period of nine months was retrieved and used as training dataset to estimate change over time within each individual and then compare change across individuals. Exploratory analysis of the curve, mean, standard deviation and bivariate correlation functions were conducted. The principal component analysis reduced the multivariate data to a finite-dimensional vector of basis and visualizes the variation in the functional data. The least square regression model for fitting of basis expansions procedure was used for smoothing of the curve. The principal component curves and coefficient for the functional linear regression model and the functional parameters was estimated for the selected basis functions. Model adequacy was checked using root mean square error of approximation. The fitted model is significant as it provides the estimation of the principal components using functional regression.
Keywords: Model, Functional data, functional observations, functional time series, model, inference.
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A Comparative Framework for Foundation Selection in Saturated Tropical High-Plasticity Clays: Optimization of Mass Housing Infrastructure
Abdul A. Koroma, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fourah Bay College, Mount Aureol, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
Victor S. Kamara, Department of Civil, Mining and Process Engineering, School of Engineering, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.
Micheal Kingsley Afful, Innovative Solutions Consultancy SL LTD Freetown, Sierra Leone.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19499474 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
Constructing heavy infrastructure on high-plasticity tropical clays presents significant challenges regarding total and differential settlement. This research compares the performance of shallow foundations (spread and raft) against bored cast-in-situ piles in the “fat clay” (CH) deposits of Sonfonia, Guinea. Using Terzaghi and Peck’s method for elastic settlement and Meyerhof’s bearing capacity theory, the study demonstrates that under permanent submerged conditions, settlement exceeds 130mm for shallow footings, rendering them unfeasible for multi-story structures. A proposed foundation solution of using raft or pile systems is analyzed, showing a significant reduction in serviceability-limit movements. The paper provides a decision-making framework for selecting foundation types in saturated, settlement-sensitive tropical soil profiles.
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Ecclesial Response to the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: A Path to Restoring Peaceful Coexistence among Citizens
Becky Misom Kibie, Cameroon Baptist Theological Seminary, Ndu of The Cameroon Baptist Convention.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19498463 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
The Anglophone crisis in Cameroon, which began in 2016, has greatly affected unity and peaceful coexistence among citizens. This crisis can be traced back to colonial rule and the unification of both Francophones and Anglophones in 1961, which has led to protests, strikes, school closures in some parts of the Anglophone region, deaths, and property destruction, among others. The failure to address the Anglophone Crisis threatens the federation with separation between the Anglophones (English speakers) and the Francophones (French speakers) in Cameroon. An attempt to render the regions uncontrollable by the government has created an environment that has prevented citizens from peaceful coexistence. The absence of Peaceful coexistence continues to be a significant challenge for Cameroonian society today.
Peaceful coexistence is essential in Cameroon: it builds healthy relationships, fosters a sense of togetherness, enhances individual growth, and strengthens society. However, peaceful coexistence can be restored in Cameroon so that the citizens can coexist harmoniously. It can be achieved when the ecclesial (Church) responds to the Anglophone Crisis.
The absence of peaceful coexistence is evident in the tensions between the Cameroon military forces and the Ambazonia defense forces. Also, some people cannot freely move along certain routes in the country, and government workers cannot travel spontaneously across the Anglophone region (Roberts, 2022). Therefore, this paper examines the ecclesia’s response to the Anglophone crisis in Cameroon, aiming to restore peaceful coexistence among citizens.
Keywords: Peaceful coexistence, Cameroon, Church, crisis, restoration
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THE ROLE OF TRANSFORMATIVE MEDIATION APPROACH IN MANAGING CONFLICTS AMONG STAFF MEMBERS OF THE CONTEMPORARY CHURCH
Samari Francis Tandap, Ngu Baptist church, Wowo Association, Ndu Field, The Cameroon Baptist Convention.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19498324 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
Transformative mediation is all about managing and resolving conflicts among staff members of the contemporary Church to enhance the Church’s spiritual and relational growth. Multi-staff congregations are very common nowadays due to the rapid growth of the Church, and such growth will always come with its challenges. One of the challenges is conflict, and if it is not well handled, the Church will suffer disintegration. This paper, therefore, postulated that transformative mediation plays a critical role in managing conflicts among contemporary church staff members by shifting the Focus from resolving a specific dispute to transforming the relationship between the conflicting parties. A qualitative method was used to identify the principles required for transformative mediation to be pragmatic in the context of conflicts among church staff. A biblical foundation was highlighted to integrate secular principles with scriptural values in bringing holistic transformation to conflicting parties. The researcher discovered that transformative mediation empowers conflicting individuals by respecting, recognizing and transforming them to develop lasting relationships after reconciliation and restoration. Conclusively, this paper focuses on mediators whose aim is not just to settle disputes but to foster lasting relationships among conflicting Church members after reconciliation. The principles in this paper can also be used to resolve family, societal, intertribal and political conflicts by bringing genuine relationships among the conflicting parties. Using scripture in transformative mediation can make the approach more holistic, fostering change for the parties involved.
Keywords: Transformative, Mediation, Conflict management, Staff Members, Contemporary and Church.
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THE NEXUS BETWEEN DEVELOPMENTAL LEADERSHIP AND CHURCH ADMINISTRATION
Dr. Olalekan Fatiloro, Department of Administration and Leadership, Faculty of Education.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19449907 | Page 01 to 10
Abstract
The relationship between developmental leadership and church administration has become increasingly significant in contemporary ministry, as churches strive to remain effective, mission-driven, and adaptive in a rapidly changing environment. Developmental leadership emphasizes the growth and empowerment of individuals, equipping them with skills, values, and capacities necessary for sustained organizational effectiveness. In church administration, which involves coordinating resources, personnel, programs, and structures, adopting developmental leadership principles enhances team competence, participation, and shared responsibility. Drawing on scholarly insights, this study highlights how developmental leadership fosters capacity building, leadership continuity, and organizational growth within the church. Furthermore, integrating developmental leadership into administrative systems supports sustainability, innovation, and effective governance, enabling churches to navigate administrative complexities while advancing their spiritual mission. This paper examines the conceptual foundations, challenges, and interrelationships between developmental leadership and church administration, offering a framework to enhance both leadership effectiveness and institutional performance.
Keywords: Developmental Leadership and Church Administration
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THE DYNAMICS OF TRANSFORMATIONAL AND SERVANT LEADERSHIP: THE IMPLICATIONS FOR ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AND CULTURE IN NIGERIA
Oladele Olubukola Olabode, Ph. D, Department of Administration and Leadership, Faculty of Education.
Olalekan Fatiloro, Ph. D, The Nigerian Baptist Theological Seminary, Ogbomoso.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19449789 | Page 01 to 22
Abstract
Leadership plays a pivotal role in shaping organizational performance, efficiency, and workplace culture. Among contemporary leadership approaches, transformational and Servant leadership have attracted growing scholarly and practical interest due to their emphasis on motivation, ethical conduct, and people-centered management. Transformational leadership focuses on inspiring followers through vision, innovation, and individualized support to achieve organizational goals. In contrast, servant leadership prioritizes the needs, growth, and well-being of employees, fostering collaboration and ethical organizational cultures. Understanding the implications of these leadership styles is particularly important in dynamic and culturally diverse environments. Within the Nigerian organizational context, leadership effectiveness is influenced by socio-cultural values, economic conditions, and institutional structures. These contextual factors shape how leadership behaviors are perceived and how they affect employee attitudes, performance, and organizational culture. Transformational leadership may be especially effective in promoting innovation, competitiveness, and goal attainment in performance-driven organizations.
In contrast, servant leadership may enhance employee commitment, ethical behavior, and supportive workplace relationships in contexts that emphasize communal values and interpersonal connections. Through a qualitative approach, the study examines transformational and Servant leadership styles and analyzes their implications for organizational performance and culture in Nigeria. It compares the two leadership approaches, identifies their strengths and limitations, and examines the contextual factors that influence their effectiveness. The findings provide practical insights for organizational leaders, policymakers, and human resource practitioners seeking to improve leadership practices that enhance productivity, uphold ethical standards, and foster positive organizational cultures. The study also contributes to the broader leadership literature by contextualizing leadership theory within a culturally nuanced environment.
Keywords: Dynamics, Transformational Leadership, Servant Leadership, Organizational Performance and Culture
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Exploring Bacterial Diversity through Isolation and Characterization of Jamalpur and Sonatala Soil Series from Jamalpur District
Md. Kayes Mahmud, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Md. Rayhan Kabir, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Rashiduzzaman Emran, Additional Agriculture Officer, Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Sharmin Akter, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Amit Kumar, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Mahmudul Hasan Chowdhury, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19414559 | Page 01 to 17
Abstract
Soil bacterial communities are essential contributors to nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and overall soil fertility. This study aimed to isolate, enumerate, and characterize bacterial populations from agricultural soils of Jamalpur and Sonatala, Bangladesh. Topsoil samples (0–15 cm) were collected aseptically and subjected to serial dilution, followed by spread plate inoculation on nutrient agar to obtain pure bacterial cultures. Morphological characterization included assessment of colony size, form, margin, elevation, and pigmentation, while cellular features were analyzed using simple, negative, Gram, capsule, spore, and acid-fast staining techniques. A total of seven and six distinct bacterial colonies were isolated from Jamalpur and Sonatala soils, respectively. The isolates displayed diverse morphologies, including rod-shaped and cocci forms with single and chain arrangements. Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were present, with several exhibiting spore- and capsule-forming abilities, while all isolates were non-acid fast. Colony size, pigmentation, and structural diversity reflected metabolic heterogeneity and adaptability under varying soil conditions. The total bacterial counts were 7.5×10^7 CFU/g soil for Jamalpur and 7.4×10^7 CFU/g soil for Sonatala, indicating active and resilient microbial populations. The dominance of spore-forming Bacillus species and the presence of other Gram-negative bacteria suggest ecological significance in soil nutrient dynamics and potential applications in sustainable agriculture. These findings provide insights into microbial diversity in Bangladeshi soils and form a basis for further functional and molecular characterization.
Keywords: Jamalpur; Sonatala; Colony; morphology; Stain; Microbial diversity; CFU
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Bacterial Population, Diversity and Characterization of Balagonj and Goainghat Soil Series of Moulvibazar
Shah Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Md. Rayhan Kabir, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Md. Kayes Mahmud, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Mehedi Hasan, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Mahmudul Hasan Chowdhury, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19413878 | Page 01 to 16
Abstract
Soil bacterial communities play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem functions, including nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and soil fertility. The present study investigated the bacterial populations in agricultural soils from Balagonj and Goainghat, Bangladesh, through isolation, enumeration, and morphological characterization. Total viable counts revealed bacterial populations of 6.5×10⁶ CFU/g soil in Balagonj and 5.4×10⁶ CFU/g soil in Goainghat. A total of six morphologically distinct bacterial colonies were isolated from each site, exhibiting variation in colony size, shape, margin, elevation, and pigmentation. Morphological examination indicated the presence of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, comprising rod-shaped and cocci forms arranged singly or in chains. Several isolates displayed spore-forming and capsule-forming capabilities, while acid-fast and non-acid-fast bacteria were also observed. The observed phenotypic diversity highlights the adaptability and ecological versatility of soil bacteria, reflecting their crucial role in sustaining soil health and fertility. These findings provide a foundation for further functional studies and potential applications in sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: Soil bacteria, Diversity, Gram stain, Spore, Capsule, Acid fast bacteria
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Assessment of Bacterial Isolation and Characterization of Chhiata and Silmondi Soil Series of Madhupur Tract
Rashiduzzaman Emran, Additional Agriculture Officer, Department of Agricultural Extension, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Md. Rayhan Kabir, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Md. Romanul Islam, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Md. Shahanur Rahman, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Sadia Afrin, Principal Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
Mahmudul Hasan Chowdhury, Scientific Officer, Soil Resource Development Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bangladesh.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/19389247 | Page 01 to 20
Abstract
This study investigated the bacterial diversity in two agricultural soils of Bangladesh, Chhiata and Silmondi. Soil samples were collected aseptically from the top 0–15 cm layer and subjected to isolation, purification, and enumeration of bacterial populations. Colony morphology, cellular characteristics, and staining properties were systematically examined to assess microbial diversity. The bacterial counts were 7.6×10^6 CFU/g soil for Chhiata and 6.5×10^6 CFU/g soil for Silmondi, reflecting active microbial communities. The isolates displayed considerable phenotypic heterogeneity, with variations in colony size, pigmentation, form, margin, and elevation. Morphological analysis revealed both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including rod-shaped and cocci forms with single and chain arrangements. Several isolates exhibited spore- and capsule-forming abilities, indicative of adaptive survival strategies under environmental stress. The findings corroborate previous studies from Bangladesh, highlighting the dominance of Bacillus spp., along with other Gram-negative, spore-forming bacteria such as Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., and Azospirillum spp. This study underscores the rich microbial diversity of Bangladeshi soils and emphasizes the ecological importance of soil bacteria in nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and sustainable agriculture.
Keywords: Bacillus spp., Gram-positive, Gram-negative, Colony, Morphology, Spore, Capsule
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