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Of Immediate
Mr. Dibakar Pal, M. Phil, Retired Executive Magistrate (Civil Servant in India) & Independent Scholar.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15328088 | Page 01 to 05
The authors declare that no funding was received for this work.
Abstract
The rich is rich in thinking. The poor cannot think like the rich. As such the poor is poor since they are poor. The poor cannot earn much. So they are poor. Money earning is difficult. More difficult is to earn regularly. Most difficult is to keep it for long. This answers why immediate rich are more than permanent rich.
Keywords: Immediate, at once, nearest, instant, present, current, direct, next, independently.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Effect of Airflow on Thermal Comfort in a Naturally Ventilated University Classroom
Elijah Kusi, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Akenten AppiahMenka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, P. O. Box 1277, Kumasi-Ghana.
Isaac Boateng, Department of Construction Technology and Management Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, P. O. Box 1277, Kumasi-Ghana.
Humphrey Danso, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Akenten AppiahMenka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, P. O. Box 1277, Kumasi-Ghana.
Emmanuel Appiah-Kubi, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Akenten AppiahMenka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, P. O. Box 1277, Kumasi-Ghana.
Francis Gyimah, Department of Construction Technology and Management Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, P. O. Box 1277, Kumasi-Ghana.
Chelteau Barajei, Department of Construction Technology and Management Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, P. O. Box 1277, Kumasi-Ghana.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15332652 | Page 06 to 30
The authors declare that no funding was received for this work.
Abstract
The health, productivity, and learning capacities of the people who use a classroom are greatly impacted by the indoor thermal conditions. Airflow short-circuiting, draft discomfort, and uncomfortable temperature stratification are just a few of the issues that can arise from inadequate air distribution in a classroom. The Classroom ESABSF was selected for the airflow analysis on thermal comfort in a naturally ventilated university classroom. The selection was based on the indoor thermal environmental conditions measured and simulated. The Classroom ESABSF, which measures 24 x 25 x 5m (length x width x height), with a north-south orientation along its length. A corridor connects the room’s eastern and southern sides to a main entrance door, and portions of the room’s east and south faces feature glass louvers, each with six operable windows. During the studies, several window opening configurations and locations were employed to examine the variance in the room’s ventilation characteristics. Ten simulations were run, with five including occupancy and the other five without occupancy. The average air temperatures and velocities were anticipated and observed at a level of 1.1 meters above the floor. Average air temperatures and velocities in the classroom, which were 1.1m above the floor, were measured and predicted. The Classroom ESABSF recorded (with occupancy) relative humidity, indoor air temperature, and indoor air velocity, PMV, PPD, and thermal sensation of 32.55oC, 0.95m/s, 62.72, 97%, and hot, 29.01oC, 0.95m/s, 78.45%, 69% and slightly warm, respectively for the dry and wet seasons. The unoccupied Classroom ESABSF recorded relative humidity, indoor air temperature, and indoor air velocity, PMV, PPD, and thermal sensation of 31.08oC, 0.88m/s, 59.63, 81%, and warm, 28.43oC, 1.02m/s, 85%, 49%, and cool, respectively, for the dry and wet seasons. The study concluded that an increase in air flow decreases the indoor air temperature, relative humidity, and radiant temperature. The occupied classroom was uncomfortable during both the dry and wet seasons as compared to the unoccupied classroom. The study recommended that architects make all efforts (wall-to-window ratio) at the design stage to increase air flow in naturally ventilated classrooms. The number of students in a classroom should be calculated according to the total floor area of the classroom to avoid overcrowding of the classroom.
Keywords: Thermal comfort, Natural ventilation, Air flow. Simulation, Classroom, and Air Temperature.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Livestock production and environmental health: negative impacts and sustainable strategies for a resilient future
José Juan Diaz Ortiz, Universidad para el Bienestar Benito Juárez García, sede Pajacuaran, Michoacán, México.
Armando Pacheco Hernández, Universidad de Oriente (UNIVO), Departamento de Investigación, San Miguel, El Salvador, Centroamérica Investigador Académico, Departamento de Investigación, Universidad de Oriente (UNIVO), San Miguel, 3301, El Salvador, C.A.
Aurora Sarahí Silva Flores, Universidad para el Bienestar Benito Juárez García, sede Pajacuaran, Michoacán, México.
Ana Elena González Barboza, Universidad para el Bienestar Benito Juárez García, sede Pajacuaran, Michoacán, México.
Rafael Alexis Fonseca Rendón, Universidad para el Bienestar Benito Juárez García, sede Pajacuaran, Michoacán, México.
Luis Fernando González Barboza, Universidad para el Bienestar Benito Juárez García, sede Pajacuaran, Michoacán, México.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15340284 | Page 31 to 39
The authors declare that no funding was received for this work.
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Livestock production is an essential component of the global food system, but its intensification has generated significant environmental and health impacts. This review of literature (2020-2025) analyzes the main negative effects of livestock on environmental and human health. First, high greenhouse gas emissions stand out, particularly methane and nitrogen oxides, from intensive systems. Secondly, water and soil pollution due to excess nutrients and manure generates eutrophization and affects the quality of drinking water. In addition, the expansion of the agricultural border has contributed to deforestation, especially in tropical areas, causing loss of biodiversity and degradation of ecosystems. From the health point of view, the intensive use of antibiotics in animals has favored the appearance of resistant bacteria, while exposure to contaminants derived from livestock negatively affects human health. Faced with these challenges, sustainable alternatives such as regenerative livestock, agroforestry systems, and the use of digital technologies for more efficient and ecological production are analyzed. Literature coincides with the need to adopt comprehensive public policies that promote sustainable livestock practices, reduce their environmental footprint and protect public health. This transition requires a multidisciplinary approach and active collaboration between governments, producers, researchers and consumers.
Keywords: sustainable livestock, livestock emissions, environmental health, animals in animals, biodiversity.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
PERCEIVED HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH CHARCOAL PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWESTERN, NIGERIA
Olabimisi, A.D., Agricultural Technology Department, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, P.M.B. 10, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Oladoyinbo, O. B., Agricultural Technology Department, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, P.M.B. 10, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Omotoso, A. B., Agricultural Technology Department, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, P.M.B. 10, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Sulaimon, O.I., Agricultural Technology Department, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, P.M.B. 10, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15363999 | Page 40 to 54
The authors declare that no funding was received for this work.
Abstract
Indiscriminate cutting of trees for charcoal production has resulted in land degradation, erosion, air pollution as well as climate change which are detrimental to human health. Therefore, this study investigated the perceived hazards associated with charcoal production in Southwestern, Nigeria. The target population for this study included all charcoal producers in Southwestern Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was utilized to select 381 respondents from the region. The study examined the socio-economic profiles of charcoal producers, explored the methods used in charcoal production, identified perceived risks involved in the production process, and investigated the strategies employed to manage these hazards. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentages, means, Weighted Mean Scores (WMS), and standard deviations. Inferential statistics, including Chi-square tests and Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC), were applied to test the research hypotheses. Earthen mound method of charcoal production was the most (84.25%) used method in charcoal production across the states. The hazards experienced by charcoal producers in order of importance were spinal cord disorder (WMS = 4.87), respiratory diseases (WMS = 4.8), skin and respiratory tract irritation and infection (WMS = 4.65). Unavailability of health care facilities (WMS = 4.36), unstable government policy in charcoal production, forest guard (WMS = 1.91) and unpredictability of returns from charcoal (WMS = 1.87) were constraints limiting strategies to manage the hazards. The PPMC analysis showed significant relationships between age (p = 0.050), years of formal education (p = 0.012), income from primary occupation (p = 0.021), household size (p = 0.046), years of experience in charcoal production (p = 0.041) and perceived hazards associated with charcoal production. Conclusively, charcoal production had impacted negatively on the health status of the charcoal producers. The study therefore recommended the use of appropriate safety measures to mitigate the effects of hazards associated with charcoal production.
Keywords: Perceived, Hazard, Health Hazard, Environmental Hazard, Charcoal Production.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Application of Reduced Differential Transform Method to Solve Linear, Non-Linear Convection-Diffusion and Reaction-Diffusion Problems
Khalid Aliyu Muhammad, Department of Mathematics, Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, 333515, Rajasthan, India.
Aliyu Aliyu Isa, Department of Applied Sciences, Singhania University, Pacheri Bari, Jhunjhunu, 333515, Rajasthan, India.
Tiwari Sarita, Operational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, Near East Boulevard, Nicosia, 99138, TRNC, Turkey.
Sylvain Meinrad Donkeng Voumo, Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Sciences, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur (Patan), India.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15372549 | Page 55 to 64
The authors declare that no funding was received for this work.
Abstract
Convection-diffusion and reaction-diffusion equations are fundamental in describing various physical phenomena, yet their solution, particularly for nonlinear cases, often presents significant mathematical challenges. This study investigates the application of the Reduced Differential Transform Method (RDTM) to obtain analytical solutions for both linear and nonlinear convection-diffusion and reaction-diffusion problems. The RDTM, derived from power series expansion, was systematically applied to four illustrative examples: two linear convection-diffusion equations and two nonlinear reaction-diffusion equations, with initial conditions sourced from existing literature. The core of the method involves an iterative procedure to determine the t-dimensional spectrum functions, which are then used to construct the series solution. The RDTM successfully yielded analytical solutions in convergent series form for all problems considered. For the convection-diffusion problems, the RDTM solutions were found to be identical to the exact solutions obtained via the homotopy perturbation transform method. Similarly, for the reaction-diffusion problems, the solutions precisely matched those derived from the differential transformed method. The accuracy was further validated by graphical analysis of the absolute errors between the RDTM and exact solutions.
The findings demonstrate that the RDTM is a powerful, efficient, and direct analytical technique. Notably, it does not require common complex procedures such as linearization, discretization, or perturbation, simplifying the solution process significantly. This research affirms the RDTM as a reliable tool for solving a range of linear and nonlinear partial differential equations, offering a valuable alternative for scientists and engineers.
Keywords: Reduced Differential Transform Method (RDTM), Convection-Diffusion Equations, Reaction-Diffusion Equations, Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations, Analytical Solution, Series Solution.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS OF AKWA IBOM STATE: A STUDY OF EKET LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
Etim, Okon Frank, Department of Public Administration Faculty of Social Sciences University of UyoUyo, AkwaIbom State.
Okposin, Ubong Nyanah, Department of Public Administration Faculty of Social Sciences University of Uyo Uyo, AkwaIbom State.
Ebong, Itoro Bassey, Department of Public Administration Faculty of Social Sciences University of Uyo Uyo, AkwaIbom State.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15450547 | Page 65 to 104
The authors declare that no funding was received for this work.
Abstract
This study investigates the role of community participation in promoting sustainable rural development in Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Despite various development efforts, rural communities in the state continue to experience poor infrastructure, low income, inadequate healthcare, and limited educational opportunities. Community participation is widely acknowledged as a key strategy for addressing these challenges, as it fosters ownership, improves resource use, and enhances the sustainability of development initiatives. However, participation in Akwa Ibom State remains limited due to poverty, lack of awareness, weak governance, and other institutional and socio-cultural barriers. A mixed-methods research design was adopted, targeting individuals aged 18 to 65, including farmers, artisans, traders, traditional leaders, and government officials. Using a multi-stage sampling technique, 384 respondents were selected. Data collection involved structured questionnaires focused on participation in decision-making, contribution of resources, and perceived impacts on socio-economic indicators such as income, infrastructure, healthcare, and education. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Chi-square statistical method at a 0.05 level of significance. Findings show a significant relationship between community participation and rural development, with a computed chi-square value of 21.50 exceeding the critical value of 21.03. This indicates that increased community involvement positively influences socio-economic outcomes. However, several barriers continue to limit effective participation, including insufficient access to information, limited financial and technical resources, cultural norms restricting inclusiveness, weak institutional support, and a general lack of political will at the grassroots level. The study concludes that community participation is essential for achieving long-term rural development. To enhance its effectiveness, the study recommends establishing regular community decision-making forums, creating local savings and loan groups, building multi-stakeholder partnerships, and launching awareness campaigns. Addressing these challenges through inclusive and targeted policy interventions is vital to unlocking the full potential of community-driven rural development in Akwa Ibom State and similar contexts.
Keywords: Community Participation, Rural Development, Socio-Economic Development, Infrastructure, Local Empowerment, Participatory Planning, Sustainable Development.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
RUSSIA UKRAINE WAR AND THE SEARCH FOR GLOBAL PEACE AND SECURITY.
Inna Frank Ogbise, PhD., Department of Political Science, University of Africa Toru Orua, Bayelsa State, Nigeria.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15450565 | Page 105 to 139
The authors declare that no funding was received for this work.
Abstract
The study examined the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on global peace and security. The Russia-Ukraine war, which began in February 2022, significantly affected global peace, security, and international relations. This conflict not only posed a direct threat to regional stability in Eastern Europe but also had far-reaching implications for global geopolitics, economic stability, and the principles of international law. The war disrupted energy supplies, escalated global food insecurity due to blocked grain exports, and led to significant refugee flows, creating humanitarian crises across Europe. Additionally, the conflict strained relations between major world powers, rekindled Cold War-era tensions, and challenged existing global security frameworks such as NATO and the United Nations. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive and qualitative research design, drawing exclusively on secondary data sourced from academic databases through a systematic search strategy. The data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. The study uncovered the multidimensional nature of the war, revealing a complex interplay of historical, geopolitical, economic, and cultural factors. Findings showed that Ukraine’s Western orientation, Russia’s regional ambitions, and the symbolic and strategic value of contested territories like Crimea and Donbas were central to the conflict.The war triggered global economic disruptions, energy crises, humanitarian displacement, and environmental degradation. It also highlighted ideological rifts reminiscent of Cold War dynamics and exposed systemic weaknesses in global governance frameworks. The study concluded that the Russia-Ukraine war transcended bilateral disputes, reflecting broader structural tensions in the international order. It recommended preventive diplomacy, diversification of global supply chains, integration of environmental considerations into peacebuilding, and institutional reforms to strengthen international conflict resolution mechanisms.
Keywords: Russia-Ukraine war; global peace; international security; energy crisis; food insecurity; refugee displacement; environmental degradation.
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
Of PRIMARY
Mr. Dibakar Pal, M. Phil., M. Phil, Retired Executive Magistrate (Civil Servant in India) & Independent Scholar.
MSI Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (MSIJMR) | DOI https://zenodo.org/records/15453590 | Page 140 to 144
The authors declare that no funding was received for this work.
Abstract
Thus every person has his primary schedule. Deviation from such schedule punishes the person severely. Prize may fail. It may reach late. Sometimes it reaches never. In contrast, punishment fails hardly. It reaches timely. A person may remain unrewarded even doing his duties. He may remain unrecognized even. To the unfortunate fellow duty implies thankless job. But in case of negligence or disobedience punishment or suffering is sure and certain. This is hard reality. This is real life. Only an experienced person knows the glory of primary thing.
KEYWORDS: Primary, chief importance, principal, main, first rank, primitive, basic, fundamental, direct, first hand
All articles published by MSIP are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of any MSIP article, including figures and tables.
For articles published under a Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, any part of the article may be reused for any purpose, including commercial use, provided that the original MSIP article is clearly cited.
